Economics Questions Essay - 1650 Words

Economics Questions (Essay Sample) Content: Author:Institutional Affiliation:Tutor:Date:Economics Questions.Suppose the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) is concerned about recession and wants to adopt an expansionary monetary policy. Explain, using the IS-LM diagram(s), how the effectiveness of monetary policy may depend on a interest sensitivity of investment spending. Through an expansionary monetary policy, the Reserve bank of Australia aims at either increasing its interest rates to attract investor spending or by increasing the money supply. The interest sensitivity of investment spending affects the reactions of investors to reduced interest rates (Sinai et.al 2000, P. 12). In case of high interest sensitivity, investors will be willing to borrow money from banks at the reduced interest rates. Reduced interest rates in the banks may result from an open market strategy by the government or from reduced discount rates. Figure 1 below, shows a case where investors are willing to borrow from banks at the low interest rates due to the expansionary monetary policy; the result is a shift of the LM curve to the left LM2. The level of real output will increase due to the increased levels of investment. In the long run, the inflation rate will reduce and the countries aggregate demand shall increase (Sinai et.al, 2000, P. 23). SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT 
Figure 1: IS-LM diagram showing shift in LM curve due to expansionary monetary policy  SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT 
 Figure 2:IS-LM diagram showing a liquidity gap expansionary monetary policy However, in the case of low interest sensitivity to investor spending, people are not willing to spend their money. People prefer to keep their money rather than borrow loans from banks. The result is a scenario whereby the monetary policy by the Reserve Bank of Australia does not affect the interest rate. The resulting scenario is a liquidity trap (as shown in figure 2 ) where investors are not willing to hold their incomes on declining assets. Becaus e of the failed monetary policy the country fails to grow its real output. During the period of recession investors do not purchase in government bonds for the fear of deflation.b) Interest sensitivity of money demand. Interest sensitivity to money demand affects how people shall respond to changes in interest rates. Positive reaction to changes in interest rates could result in a success, in the expansionary monetary policy of the FBA. Where money demand has a high interest sensitivity, the result is an increase in bond demand when the policy is implemented (Sinai et.al 2000, P. 26). People are also willing to borrow money from banks at the low interest rates. In this case, the monetary policy will be a success. However, in case the money demand of the economy is low, it would be inadvisable to implement the policy. This is because very few people will be willing to hold on to cash as an asset because of its opportunity cost. During a recession, people are willing to hold their ass ets in other forms rather than cash. If this is continued it may result in an economy facing stagflation.After the Second World War, many countries, including the USA, experienced a baby booman increase in population growth rate.Use the Solow model to demonstrate the effect of a baby boom on the steady state capital-labor ratio, standard of living, and real GDP.Labor productivity is the main determinant of the real GDP per capita and in general, the countrys standard of living. The Solow growth model forms the basis of an economists direction of thoughts. Understanding the Solow growth model enlightens the baby boom effect on the steady state capital-labor ratio, standard of living, and real GDP. The baby boom can be equated to a marked increase in the labor force. Labor force increase or decrease affects the denominator of the capital-labor ratio that is the capital stock. If there is an evident growth increase of the labor force that is occurring in a faster pace compared to the c apital stock, there will be a fall of the capital-labor ratio. Consequently, if the labor forces increases slower than the capital stock, there will be a rise in the capital-labor ratio. 
Figure 3: An Increase in the Capital Labor RatioSource: (lee et.al, 1995)One can use the Solow growth model to further explain reasons why there are higher living standards in some countries and this context, the baby boom effect on the living standards in the United States. If there is an increase in the labor force, there will be a steeper break-even investment line which in-turn affect the steady state capital labor ratio to decrease that is k1 to k2. A capital-labor ratio that is lower causes a lower level of a laborers real GDP hence a lower real GDP per capital level. The Solow Growth model estimates that a higher growth rate in the labor force leads to lower living standard.A labor force growth rate and the rate of depreciation have an effect on the break-even investment line slope in a similar manner. Consequently, the Solow growth model estimates that a greater rate of depreciation leads to lower living standard (lee et.al 1995, P. 13).
Figure 4: An Increase in the Labour Force Growth RateSource: (lee et.al 1995, P. 12 )The US economy experienced strong growth in real GDP per capita during the years of baby boom. Use the Solow model to reconcile this fact with your answer to part (a).The growth rate increase of the labor force reduces a labors steady state level of real GDP (Deardorff 2006, P. 11). However, it does not reduce the laborers real GDP steady state growth rate. In line with this difference in the baby boom occurrence rate hardly explains the steady-state growth rates differences in the United States. There is a state of equilibrium in the Solow growth model when the ratio of capital to labor is constant. It is argued that when the rationed capital to labor IS constant, there is a constant real GDP per laborer. The model explains how the total growt h rate of a countrys economy largely depends on the population growth (lee et.al, 1995, P. 13). Hence, the baby boom effect on the steady state capital-labor ratio, standard of living, and real GDP is that of an increase.Taking into account the real GDP production function per worker, y = Af (k) where, y represents the real GDP per worker, k represents capital per worker or the ratio of the capital to labor. On the other hand, is the measure that represents the total level of economic efficiency. Assuming that the total productivity factor is constant and it is equal to one, the production function will be y = f (k).
Figure 5: The effect on the capitallabor ratio Source: (lee et.al, 1995) An increase in the saving rate, that is an S1 to S2 shift, is a clear upward shift of the investment curve. This shift indicates that the level of investment is higher compared to that of depreciation. Consequently, the capital-labor ratio rises from its initial steady state value K1 to K2 whi ch in-turn records an increase in the real GDP per worker. However, from the analysis it cannot be ruled out that the saving rate increase affects real GDPs steady state growth.A saving rate increases the level of real GDP per laborer to a greater steady state level. Since the living standard is a measure of the real GDP per capita which depends on a labourers real GDP, it is logical to state that saving rate changes affect the steady state level of the living standard (Deardorff 2006, P. 16).Concluding from this analysis, government policies that bring about change in the saving rate, are equated to having a level effect, that is, they increase the real GDP per capita and raise the living standards to a higher level. However, these changes will not have a growth effect where there will be no sustained increase in the living standards over time.3. The Classical Macroeconomic model suggests that there is no need for the government to stabilize the economy with monetary or fiscal Poli cy. Use AD-AS diagram to discuss this statement. Explain, using the AD-AS diagram, how the stabilization policies can be very effective in the model that assumes price stickiness in the short-run? Classical economists explain their school or thought based on two assumptions That the values of real variables can be evaluated without one need of knowing the interest rate or the price level of the economy. Another assumption is that the interest rate and equilibrium price level are determined by the central banks rate of money supply (Sinai et.al 2000, P. 29). In the classical model, one can argue that money is viewed as a neutral factor. From their arguments, increasing the money supplied to the economy through a fiscal or monetary policy only results to a rise in the inflation rate. This is based on the Quantity of money equation where MV=PY, where M is the money supply V P is the price level is the velocity of money Y is the real GDP. In the ...

Green And Greenwashing And Corporate Social Responsibility

The following report attempts to illustrate the differences between going green and greenwashing and how that affects corporate social responsibility within the City of Vancouver as an organization. Fifteen scholarly journal articles have been used to further support this discussion and provide insight into the world of greenwashing and it’s linkages to corporate social responsibility. This paper will attempt to confirm that the City of Vancouver’s efforts of going green feed into their corporate social responsibility and in fact prove that this municipal organization is working towards its green goals and not greenwashing. Keywords: going green, greenwashing, sustainability, environment, corporate social responsibility, misrepresentation City of Vancouver: Increasing Corporate Responsibility or Greenwashing? As we have seen an increase in awareness around sustainability and climate change, with the help of Al Gore’s Inconvenient Truth documentary in 2006, we see organizations moving towards mitigating the effects of climate change in various ways (Al Gore, n.d). As this corporate social responsibility has become more prevalent, organizations are now pushing their green agenda by publishing sustainability reports, doing mass marketing and implementing sustainable business practices to portray the image that they too are working towards protecting the earth’s natural environment all the while focusing on their underlying goal of selling their products and image toShow MoreRelatedGoing Green And Greenwashing And How That Affects Corporate Social Responsibility2051 Words   |  9 Pagesdifferences between going green and greenwashing and how that affects corporate social responsibility within the City of Vancouver as an organization. Fifteen scholarly journal articles have b een used to further support this discussion and provide insight into the world of greenwashing and it’s linkages to corporate social responsibility. This paper will attempt to confirm that the City of Vancouver’s efforts of going green feed into their corporate social responsibility and in fact prove that thisRead MoreGreening Energy Marketing1543 Words   |  6 Pagesrivers for the production of energy and commodities. Nevertheless, corporations often draw from symbolically rich environmental imagery and fasten it to advertising campaigns in an attempt to bolster a socially conscious image. In this process of â€Å"greenwashing†, corporations reputations and products are intimately linked to promotional culture by attempting to represent itself as sustainable, progressive, and trustworthy in the public eye while ignoring the implications of unethical production and excessiveRead MoreThe Effect Of The Modern Production Consumption Chain Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagessustainability. However, in order to attain a â€Å"green† brand status, they must invest time and money into re-evaluating their business models and supply chains. While some companies may choose to make this investment, other competitors opt to invest in deceptive marketing strategies which greenwash their products to mislead consumers. The purpose of this report is to examine the implications of greenwashing on marketing strategy and consumer behavior. Greenwashing is defined as the act of misleading consumersRead MoreForest Green Or Money Green1429 Words   |  6 PagesForest Green or Money Green; What Shade of green are Companies truly Interested in? Is it a dark and mature shade of forest green, or is it a vibrant jungle green that large companies are striving for? The answer in 98% of the firms which have adopted the ‘green’ practice is actually neither. The fact is that the only true color that most of these so called ‘green’ companies are looking forward to, is that of the dull and dry green that money reflects. The term ‘greening’ is a metaphor pertainingRead MoreCsr Green Washing6648 Words   |  27 Pages24-27 28-32 Michael Bowyer Page 2 of 32 W12837265 1.0 - Executive Summary How important is the use of Corporate Social Responsibility programs on brand image? In recent years CSR programs have become a marketer’s tool rather than the way a business should operate, with ethical trading in mind. These practices of making a product seem ‘Green’ when it is not are greenwashing and have had a major impact on consumer behaviour regarding these products. To unearth the truth behind these practicesRead MoreHow Corporate Social Responsibility ( Csr ) Has Evolved Over Time2289 Words   |  10 Pagesthis essay is to discuss how corporate social responsibility (CSR) has evolved over time. The relative issue of greenwashing will also be discussed in regards to its rise as well as driving factors for its use, and how activist groups and NGOs are targeting and combating the issue. What is CSR? Firstly, we must understand today’s definition of CSR and the concept of the triple bottom line. Cherry and Snierson (2011, 1010) state that corporate social responsibility means â€Å"managing business withRead MoreAn Example Using Theoretical Soap Is Good For The Environment Essay1487 Words   |  6 PagesWithin New Zealand there are various forms of legal greenwashing, the example provided by the participant being the BNZ bank investing in a Kiwi recovery program, while at the same time investing in oil exploration. Ambiguous claims by advertising are also legal and terms that imply nature, such as those which leave the consumer with the perception that it is good for the world only it is the opposite. The only instance where it is illegal is when the product implicitly claims to do something itRead MoreGreen Marketing : Think Before You Act Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pages3.3 Case 3: Green Marketing; Think Before You Act 3.3.1 Introduction The report entitled Green Marketing: Think Before You Act; a primer for businesses ready to share their sustainability story is taken from Strategic Sustainability Consulting published in April 2012 which is written by Davinder Aulakh. The paper mainly focuses on green marketing and associated risks of greenwashing. It also provides the important role of different standards and certifications in green marketing. It offers an analyticalRead MoreSustainability Research Paper1682 Words   |  7 Pagesare not great at sustainability and building trust is â€Å"because they are not authentic to begin with.† Brands need to be built on genuine foundations and this will make it easier to connect to consumers. Moreover, only products which are genuinely green result in increased consumer purchases (De Jong, Harkink, and Barth 2017). Therefore, for market-focused sustainability to become a competitive advantage and a core part of their strategy, a company needs to adopt authenticity into its initiativesRead MoreThe Soap Is Good For The Environment Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pagesany schemes in New Zealand that would allow governments and regulatory sectors to serve the public and advise them on green purchasing in a way that is fair to commercial interests. However, regarding ‘green’ labels, credibility can be judged by looking at the packaging; credentials are typically referred to on packaging and also on the company’s website. This lack of recognized ‘green’ labels provides an opportunity for established brands, for instance Greenpeace to step in and provide more. Unfortunately

How to Use a Relative Clause

Relative clauses are also referred to as adjective clauses. They are used to modify a noun, which is either the subject or the object of a sentence. For example: She is the woman who he met at the party last week. I bought a book which was published in Germany last year. Who he met at the party is a relative clause that describes the subject of the sentence, which is woman. Which was published in Germany describes the object of the verb bought. Intermediate-level English learners need to learn relative clauses to improve their writing skills in order to begin crafting more complex sentences. Relative clauses help connect two separate ideas which might otherwise be expressed in two separate sentences. Examples: That is the school. I went to that school as a boy. That is the school (that) I went to as a boy. Thats a beautiful car over there! Id like to buy that car. Id like to buy that beautiful car over there. How to Use Relative Clauses? Use relative clauses to provide extra information. This information can either define something (defining clause) or provide unnecessary but interesting added information (non-defining clause). Relative clauses can be introduced by: A relative pronoun: who (whom), which, that, whoseNo relative pronounWhere, why, and when instead of a relative pronoun You need to consider the following when deciding which relative pronoun to use: Is the subject or object or possessive of a relative clause?Does it refer to a person or an object?Is the relative clause a defining or non-defining relative clause? Relative clauses are often used in both spoken and written English. There is a tendency to use non-defining relative clauses mostly in written, rather than in spoken, English. The Importance of Defining Relative Clauses The information provided in a defining relative clause is crucial in understanding the meaning of the sentence. Examples:   The woman who lives in apartment number 34 has been arrested.The document that I need has important written at the top. The purpose of a defining relative clause is to clearly define who or what we are talking about. Without this information, it would be difficult to know who or what is meant. Example:  The house is being renovated. In this  case, it is not necessarily clear  which  house is being renovated. Non-Defining Relative Clauses Non-defining relative clauses provide interesting additional information which is not essential to understanding the meaning of the sentence. Example:  Mrs. Jackson, who is very intelligent, lives on the corner. Correct punctuation is essential in non-defining relative clauses. If the non-defining relative clause occurs in the middle of a sentence, a comma is put before the relative pronoun and at the end of the clause. If the non-defining relative clause occurs at the end of a sentence, a comma is put before the relative pronoun. In defining relative clauses, there are no commas. Examples:   Children who play with fire are in great danger of harm.The man who bought all the books by Hemingway has died. Generally,  who  and  which  are more usual in written English, whereas  that  is more usual in speech when referring to things. Relative Pronouns and Defining Relative Clauses Examples:   Thats the boy (who, whom) I invited to the party.Theres the house (that, which) Id like to buy. Relative Pronouns Used as a Possessive Examples:   Hes the man whose car was stolen last week.They were sure to visit the town whose location was little-known. It is preferable to use  that  (not  which) after the following words: all, any(thing), every(thing), few, little, many, much, no(thing), none, some(thing), and after superlatives. When using the  pronoun  to refer to the object,  that  can be omitted. Examples:   It was everything (that) he had ever wanted.There were only a few (that) really interested him. Examples:   Frank Zappa, who was one of the most creative artists in rock n roll, came from California.Olympia, whose name is taken from the Greek language, is the capital of Washington State. Relative Pronouns and Non-Defining Relative Clauses Examples:   Frank invited Janet, who (whom) he had met in Japan, to the party.Peter brought his favorite antique book, which he had found at a flea market, to show his friends. That can never be used in non-defining clauses. Possessive in Non-Defining Relative Clauses Example:   The singer, whose most recent recording has had much success, was signing autographs.The artist, whose name he could not remember, was one of the best he had ever seen. In non-defining relative clauses,  which  can be used to refer to an entire clause. Example:   He came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a t-shirt, which was a stupid thing to do. After numbers and words like  many, most, neither, and some, we use  of,  before,  whom,  and  which  in non-defining relative clauses.   Example:   Many of those people, most of whom enjoyed their experience, spent at least a year abroad.  Dozens of people had been invited, most of whom I knew.

A Brief Look at Euthanasia - 1394 Words

Euthanasia is the action of terminating the life of a suffering human, with the assistance of a qualified doctor. It ends the life of someone whose quality of life is low, or involves an extreme amount of pain. Therefore euthanasia is halting the suffering in a humane, dignified way. Death is a very private matter and is something dealt with differently among all people. Many aspects go into making a final decision such as finances, morals, religion, law, and family. These aspects can be used as a pro, but as a con also. Overall, euthanasia should be legal and ultimately be the decision of the patient whether to consent to this action because it is the right of every human to decide for themself whether to die peacefully or live potentially suffering. There are two types of methods to euthanasia, voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary is classified as painlessly ending an individual’s life. What classifies a person as being an acceptable candidate for voluntary euthanasia? There are, generally, five criteria that a patient should meet to be considered. These five include having a terminal illness, experiencing intolerable pain as a result of the illness, has competently expressed a wish to voluntarily die, could not possibly benefit from the discovery of a cure during their expected time left to live, and could not commit suicide without assistance. When a person meets all five areas it would then include a physician review of their case, patient consent, and the action ofShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Death1173 Words   |  5 Pages The idea of committing euthanasia and physician- assisted suicide (PAS) had a historical root in the nineteenth century and referred as skillful alleviation of suffer ing1 in Latin transcripts. Recently the theme of the legalization of physician-assisted death (PAD) in Canada boosted in 2012. The decision of the British Columbia Supreme Court in the case of Carter v. Canada (Attorney General) was the threshold of the theme. It ruled that the Canadian Criminal Code 2 prohibition against PADRead MoreActive Euthanasia Pros and Cons Essay1640 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Euthanasia is a long debated topic, going back for decades in our country alone. Both sides of the topic have valid points morally and ethically. The Netherlands have had euthanasia laws in effect since 1973. America has very few states with legislation on the books: Oregon enacted in 1997, Washington 2008. Germany experimented with Active Euthanasia in the 1930’s, resulting in one of the most horrendous genocides in the past millennium. No where else do we have a cohort more at riskRead MoreArgument Analysis: Euthanasia and the Right to Die Essay1035 Words   |  5 PagesThe right to die and euthanasia, also known as physician-assisted suicide, have long been topics of passionate debate. Euthanasia is simply mercy killing while the phrase â€Å"physician-assisted suicide† regards the administering or the provision of lethal means to aid in the ending of a person’s life. The right to die entails the belief that if humans have the governmental and natural ri ght to live and to prolong their lives then they should also have the right to end their life whenever desired.Read More Life Or Death Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pageseffects people morally, socially, and politically. At local clinics, some people will go as far as to hold protests. These are just some issues that effected people in the past and present ethically. Yet despite these issues, society has continued on. Euthanasia is an issue that concerns people of all ages in society today. Imagine, if you would, that you had a relative on his death bed with cancer. Their was no possible surgery that could remove the tumor. The doctors say that he could be suffering forRead MoreThe Ethical Issue Of Physician Assisted Suicide1580 Words   |  7 Pagesto explore the prospects of physician assisted suicide as for the greater good and as a modern ethical obligation. Gorsuch, Neil M.. â€Å"Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia.† Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press, 2006. 1-24, 180-200. The author of this book set the stage by giving a brief history of euthanasia and doctor assisted suicide in American and in various countries across the globe, mentioning cases such of Doctor Kevorkian of the early ‘90s in America assisting in theRead MoreThe Death Of Euthanasia And Euthanasia3752 Words   |  16 Pages Euthanasia has long been a topic of debate and can be characterized as indirectly or directly bringing about the death of another person for that person’s sake. Forms of euthanasia that are most commonly brought up include passive euthanasia, which is the legalized practice where someone is allowed to die by not doing something that would prolong life, and active euthanasia, which involves performing an action that directly causes someone to die. Furthermore, they can be further differentiatedRead More Legalizing Euthanasia Essay2003 Words   |  9 PagesLegalizing Euthanasia Euthanasia is an arising moral contemporary issue. A brief definition of euthanasia would be the intentional termination of life by another at the explicit request of the person who dies (Netherlands State Commission on Euthanasia). This may look like an only solution to many people whose lives are seemingly wasting away, or have been fully spent. Whether we should let such people die is an argument that is yet to mature. As sincere as this plea may sound, there areRead MoreEssay on Active Euthanasia, Free Will and Autonomy1945 Words   |  8 PagesActive Euthanasia, Free Will and Autonomy Medicine in the hands of a fool has always been poison and death. -C. J. Jung Euthanasia, from the Greek, quite literally means the good death. Advocates of euthanasia, offer it as a solution for the emotional, psychological and physiologic suffering of terminally ill patients. The type of euthanasia, which is presently under debate, is called active euthanasia and is defined as an act performed by an individual to bring about the deathRead MoreEuthanasia Is The Intentional And Painless Ending Of Life For Animals2030 Words   |  9 PagesEuthanasia is the intentional and painless ending of life for animals that are suffering from an incurable disease. In small animals is performed by an injection into the vein of an agent consequently ending in the death of the pet. When an animal is euthanized they become unconscious which is firstly followed by respiratory arrest and then cardiac arrest. If there are no cardiovascular defects in the animal generally within 30 seconds of unconsciousness cardiac arrest will occur. –  © 2014 VeterinaryRead MoreEut hanasia Prologue To The Holocaust4567 Words   |  19 PagesEuthanasia Euthanasia: Prologue to the Holocaust Sophie Payne Introduction to Historical Research Methods April 20, 2017 Sophie Payne Euthanasia: Prologue to the Holocaust Euthanasia, the practice of intentionally ending a life to relieve pain and suffering, dates to the first and second centuries. Euthanasia comes from the Greek word Eu (good) and Thanatosis (death). While euthanasia typically refers to the assistance of a painless death for a chronically or

My High School Is A Safe Environment - 1611 Words

I come from a school where the guys wear bowties and khakis and the girls dress up in a nice dress or skirt more often than not. There are more parent volunteers than imaginable and practically the whole town comes out to support the football team on Friday nights. I have lived a sheltered life so far†¦ my parents are still together, no major deaths in the family, and if someone mentions drugs or teen pregnancy, I’m a deer in headlights. While I have lived a life that I consider to be pretty great so far, I am still aware that that is not the case for many other students in their community. My high school is a safe environment, full of students and teachers who want to be there. However, there are many students who have no desire to be there, who wish more than anything to drop out. Even so, they are expected to thrive in a school that needs police officers to protect students from other students. They are expected to thrive in a school where countless teens are pregnant compared to the handful at my school. They are expected to thrive in a school where the stairwells, the stairwells of all places, are highly dangerous places with drug deals and violence compared to my school where they are filled with messages about pep rallies and student government. While these sound like stereotypes, for far too many students this is their reality. I enjoy going to school, so it is very hard for me to wrap my head around the idea of anyone wanting to drop out of high school. I just don’tShow MoreRelatedHigh School, A Safe And Orderly Climate878 Words   |  4 PagesLooking back on my own High School experience, I can safely say that my school was effective. The various characteristics of an effective school include, strong leadership, a clear school mission, a safe climate, monitoring student progress, high expectations, and so on. 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For adolescents of color in the United States, this period of identity development takes place in an environment filled with what Young (2013, p. 43) called â€Å"the oppression of violence.† Young wrote that the oppression of violence affects both those who have been directly victimized and all members of target groups who live each day knowing that they may becomeRead MoreHow Metal Detector s Effect Students Behavior Essay1282 Words   |  6 PagesIn my group presentation there were 3 in the group, including myself, Katie Soard, and Karrie Reifschneider . The goal in the group was to show how metal detector’s effect students’ behavior in the school day and to show if the school benefits from having them. Students’ in many school districts across the nation go to schools with different demographics and environments that tend to effect the students’ throughout the school day. The environment in return creates a response that could potentiallyRead MoreThe Importance Of A Sa fe And Healthy Learning Environment1623 Words   |  7 PagesEarly childhood has been on a high due to new research that has proved its effect on education of a child. The goals of Early Childhood programs are to provide programs to children and their parents that support the children in learning, daily routine practice, health needs including wellness, and to strengthen the gap between home and school. All of these goals are beneficial to the student as an individual learner. If a child is healthy and well, then they will be more likely to succeed insideRead MoreMy Experience During Middle School986 Words   |  4 Pagesof learning environments and teaching methods; however, the effectiveness of schools and teachers continuously influences all school-aged children. Throughout this analysis, I will focus primarily on my experience during my 6th grade year in middle school, including how my success was affected by the effectiveness of the school and my teachers throughout the year. Upon my transition to middle school, I was 10 years old. In my case, elementary school ended at 5th grade and middle school started atRead MoreMy Vision For Leading A School1680 Words   |  7 PagesStudents are at the center of my educational universe. Decisions and policies must focus on doing what is best for student achievement in a school. Their successes and failures defines and evaluates the school and the administration. My vision for leading a school is predicated on promoting their successes and reducing their failures. Developing a school with a strong culture of achievement, instruction, and security for all stakeholders involved that helps build an environment where students can prosperRead MoreSchool Should Be A Safe Learning Environment For Children899 Words   |  4 Pagesinto schools. School should be a safe learning environment for children. Children should not feel like their life is in danger in any kind of way. And it is the teachers and other adults in the bu ilding place to protect every child. In my opinion, I think that school officials should have the right to check for drugs and weapon at any time. My reason for this is because first kids can be selling drugs in school. Secondly, there are so many school shootings happening today. Thirdly, its school officialsRead MorePeople Talk About Change All Of The Time And More Often1622 Words   |  7 Pagestalk about change all of the time and more often than not change does not occur. The majority of people do not take action for any change to happen. Many schools are failing as student’s needs are not being met by the school system. Supporting the changes needed to raise students in a successful environment need to be addressed by the school board and the surrounding community. By the time college approaches, students realize that they are not prepared for college. These students then scrambleRead MoreMy Professional Growth as an Education Major Essays1044 Words   |  5 Pagesthe numerous experiences I have had during my time at Benedictine University, I have learned different lessons and values that will prove important to my teaching career. The different courses, teachers, and schools that I had the opportunity to work with have helped me grow as an educator and provided me with the tools needed in order to be successful. My first observation experience was eye-opening. Upon my arrival to Providence Catholic High School, I only had basic knowledge about what it tookRead MoreThe Association For Middle Level Education1463 Words   |  6 PagesLevel Teacher â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s use their knowledge of major concepts, principles, theories and research to improve their practice. The AMLE Standards provide a guideline to assist in curricular decisions, preparation and planning and providing a safe and effective learning environment for the Middle Level Students. Standard One; Young Adolescent Development is imperative for being an adequate educator for this age level. In order to successfully fulfill these standards, it s important to understand the transitional

Marina Carrs Portia Coughlan Essay Example For Students

Marina Carrs Portia Coughlan Essay Later, she tornments Maureen with suspicious questions wanting Maureen to admit she is still a virgin although she is almost forty years old. When Maureen finds out that she did not receive the letter, she gets mad, angry and viscious and uses hot oil to burn her mothers hand again. She leaves the old lady dying on the floor and goes to see Pato who is leaving for England again. The ending is ambiguous. What really happens to Mag, and how Maureen is disappointed, is not clear. The most plausible explanation is that Maureen suffered a second nervous breakdown. The play makes one realise the power of human emotions. Maureen is obsessed with her virginity. She wants to have a man beside her. She wants to be an expert in mans behaviour in bed. She wants her sexuality to be released, she wants to be a woman. However, she cannot, as she is sticked to her mother who abuses and tornment her everytime she sees her. Maureens anger is manifested through her violent behaviour she offends Mag, she burns her hand with hot oil, she plays word games to make her mother angry and jealous. Later on, we can find out that Pato is engaged to some Dolores, which makes Maureen realise she has no possibility to make her dreams come true. That causes another breakdown if she was ever recurred from the previous one. In the act of madness and anger ahe in fact kills her mother or at least imagines doing it. And thus, her sexuality influenced her violence towards others. This is another case when a non-fulfillment of the sexual needs leads to a mad behaviour which results in physical and psychological violence. The fall of women into sexual problems, madness and violence is present in Irish literature. Women, as being more vulnerable and introvertic, have a tendency to casual breakdowns which consequently may result in different dimensions of madness that leads to a cruelty and violence. Women are very sensitive concerning their sexuality, any rejection of it may have a terrible consequences just as in cases above. Killing a child, killing herself or killing an old mother. All these women felt a terrible loss of something and a total dissatisfaction with themselves, their lives, their relationships or the lack of them. Such disenchantement can be an enormously dangerous matter. Being disappointed, rejected and abandoned by those beloved ones, caused Hester, Portia and Maureen fall into madness. Not thinking clearly, they committed the deeds that destroyed them completely and had a major influence on others. Portia left her parents with no offspring and her husband with three young bouys who needed a mother, Hester killed her daughter whose father Carthage loved her enormously, and Maureen this case is not so clear asuming that she just imagined killing her mother which she did not do in reality, left an old woman with a mad, dangerous and obsessed daughter. Thus, all three elements sexuality, madness and violence are strictly connected here. There is no case where one of them can be excluded. As far as the Irish literature is concerned madness, violence and sexuality are so often presented as they are close to a real life. And art is supposed to reflect every aspect of reality, no matter whether positive or negative. And it is easier to believe that a woman rejected by her beloved lover falls apart and into madness and takes a violent revenge on her oppressors, than in a romance that ends with a wedding. Real life does not use the phrase And they lived happily ever after.

Risk Based Auditing Business Accounts

Question: Discuss about theRisk Based Auditingfor Business Accounts. Answer: Introduction Auditing refers to the inspection of the accounts of the companies (Zu 2013). A business organization has a lot of different accounts to maintain. Thus, it is natural to make some errors while maintaining those business accounts. Here comes the part of the auditors. The main responsibility of the audit process is to officially inspect those various accounts of the organization and makes it sure that there is not any kind of errors in those accounts (Kinney 2016). There is a lot of importance of the audit process. A true annual report of an organization reflects the financial and overall position of the company. Annual reports are one of the most crucial medium to the investors by which they can judge the actual financial position of the company and they can decide whether they will invest in the company or not. Hence, it is the utmost responsibility of the auditors to make the annual reports of the companys error free. The audit process is done by the independence body of auditors wh o has no connection with the organization. It is mandatory for the companies to conduct audit so that the various accounts of the business can be verified (Cao, Chychyla and Stewart 2015). Traditional Auditing vs. Risk-Based Auditing As per the above discussion, the main aim of the audit process is to inspect the various accounts of a business organization. However, there are different processes to conduct an audit. Traditional audit process is the process that has been adopted by a large number of auditors all over the world. There are certain criteria which have been followed by the auditors while doing an audit. The aim of the traditional audit process is to conduct tests and reviews on the various issues of the financial statements of the companies. The objective behind this process is to verify the truth and fairness of the financial statements (Wan and Li 2016). The conducted tests includes the test on the internal controls used by the companies to procure various figures in the financial statements, the tests on the amounts shown in the various accounts and the tests on the several accounting posting systems of the business. After the verification of these above aspects, the auditors issue his/her certific ate stating the truthfulness of the financial statements of that company (Jones and Smith 2014). However, the risk based approach of audit, commonly known as the RBA audit approach, applies totally different measures to verify the financial position of any company (Griffiths 2012). RBA is an audit approach which deals with all the risk factors of the companies related to the financial position. RBA approach uses risks to develop the strategies for the management system of an organization. RBA audit provides the mechanism to assess various risks involve achieving the long term objectives of the organization. RBA also provides the mechanism to monitor and perform the internal audit system of the organization. It has been considered that RBA audit system has been an evolution in the audit process all over the world as RBA audit system has totally changed the way audit system thing and talk about risks (Pitt 2014). Origin of Risk-Based Audit RBA audit system is a unique process of auditing that focused on the management and analysis of the risk in an organization (Johnstone, Gramling and Rittenberg 2013). There is an existence of a history about the origin of the risk base audit system. There was an incident in the United Kingdom about an audit issue. In the year 1999, the Turnbull Report on the corporate governance matters demands a risk assessment statement about the shareholders of the company. This process has been considered as the main encouragement about the introduction of the risk based audit system. This incident encouraged to give emphasis on the risk involved rather than just checking the various accounts of the organization (Messier 2014). The risk based audit system includes the guidelines of the Committee of Sponsoring Organization (COSO), the guidelines of AS/NZ3 and others (Lpez Gavira, Prez Lpez and Romero Garca 2014). After this incident, the whole audit world felt and understood the need of risk asses sment at the time of the auditing process. There are some controversies around the risk assessment procedures of the RBA audit system. Some people consider RBA audit system as an ineffective tool in the audit process. However, this particular risk based audit system has become more popular all over the world. Steps in Risk-Based Auditing The risk based audit process is designed to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the audit process in an organization. Thus, it is the duty of the RBA audit system to focus on the timing, nature and extent of the audit areas where there is a high possibility of occurring the material mistakes. There are certain steps involved in the RBA audit system as this is a systematic process. The auditors need to follow these particular steps to bring efficiency and effectiveness in the audit process of the organizations. The steps of the RBA audit system are discussed below: The first step in the RBA audit system is to have the understanding about the organizations. In order to get the idea about the risks, the auditor needs to have the proper understanding about the entity organization and the environment in which the organization operates. Understanding the entity requires a lot of things which includes the understanding about the nature of the business, industry, the specific structure of the ownership of the business, environmental regulations, competitors of the company, internal structure of the company, the process of financial reporting and the process of internal control. To know all this above mentioned aspects is not any easy job for the auditors. Confusion often works among the auditors about the selection of the type of information and how much information needs to be obtained for the purpose. However, it is the responsibility of the auditors to recognize the control system that would be relevant for the audit process. In this case, the inte rnal control is divided into five parts to assist the auditor. They are: The control environment The risk assessment process of the entity The information system used for the financial reporting The audit related control activities, and Monitoring the control activities These steps should be followed by the auditors at the time of performing the RBA audit system (Ward and Peppard 2016). The very next step after the understanding about the various aspects of the entity is the identification and the assessment of the risks involved with the organization. The auditor understands about the business environment of the entity helps to identify those relevant risks that can cause damage to the financial reporting of the company. In this area, skills and professional judgments of the auditor are needed to not only identify those risks but also evaluate how they will affect the recognition, measurement, presentation and the disclosure of the financial reports of the company. The risk assessment is done by the auditors at the planning stage of the audit program. The risks are reassessed in the case of identification of the new risks relating to the audit process. There are two type of risk in the risk classification process and they are the normal risks and the greater than normal risks. Normal risks are the kind of risks that has a probability occurring. On the other hand, g reater than normal risks are the risks which have less probability of occurring. The determination of the nature, time and extend of the various audit procedures depends on the process of risk assessment. As per the general rule of the RBA audit system, more persuasive evidences are required to reduce the level of the risks in case of the greater than normal risks. Hence, one simply cannot ignore the importance of risk assessment. In this case, it has to be noted that risk assessment of an organization demands a greater level of skill and expertise of the auditors as it is a complicated process (Sawyer and Bright 2014). The next step in RBA audit system to respond to the risks identified. The auditor needs to have proper evidence about the assessment risk regarding materiality and other financial issues so that he/she can start the audit campaign. There are some factors that are considered by the experienced auditors at the time of the development risk response design. They are as follows: The financial report may have the overall effects of the identified risks. The effects of the identified risks at the level of assertion. The expected result of the tests whether they can meet the objectives of the tests There are various aspects as well of the audit report. They are: The setting up of the test objectives It has to be identified whether there is any need for the use of the experts or specialists The identification of the time of the assessment of risk It needs to be determined that whether there is any need for the use of the precious audit reports The controls that need test needs to be identified Determination of the testing areas where normal risk will be applicable and the areas where above normal risk will be applicable The extent of reliance on the test results needs to be determined It needs to be specified that whether there is any need for the further audit process or not In the case of the normal risk assessment, there is a need for the control testing when the substantive testing fails to provide enough audit evidence to carry on the audit process. On the other hand, in case of above normal risks or high risks, the auditor must include the substantive audit testing to get enough audit evidence to carry on the audit process (Leung 2016). The last step in the risk based audit process is the drawing of the conclusion about the respective auditors. After the performance of the audit process by the auditors to address the assessed risks, the obtained evidence needs to be evaluated by the auditor to determine whether the initial risk assessment is appropriate or there is any need for a further risk assessment. The auditor needs to be assured that there is no material mistakes are there in the financial statements of the business organization and to prove this, there has to be sufficient evidence. Further audit needs to be performed in case of the absence of concrete audit evidence. The auditor will be able make a conclusion on the overall risk assessment of the financial reports of the company with the help of sufficient and appropriate audit evidences (Epstein and Ramamoorti 2016). Conclusion From the above overall discussion, it can be said that the importance of risk based audit approach is more than that of the traditional audit approach. The traditional audit approach sometimes omits the risk factor involved with the financial report of any organization. The foundation of the entire audit program can be provided by the rightly timed and performance of the risk assessment by the experienced auditors. The differences between the traditional audit and risk based audit are given below: Traditional Audit Approach Risk-Based Audit Approach Risk assessment happens periodically Risk assessment is a continuous process Internal audit and accounting is responsible for the identification of risk and the management of control All members of the organization are responsible for the identification of the risks involved After the inspection and detection of the risks, it takes action against them Anticipation and prevention of the business risks and continuous monitoring of the risks are the main functions of this audit process. The primary source of the business risks are the inefficient people The primary source of the business risks are the inefficient processes and operations Financial risk avoidance is the function of the control process To avoid the unacceptable risks is the function of the control process (Buckley et al. 2013) The above table clearly shows that risk based audit is much more effective than the traditional audit process. The most crucial advantage of risk based audit is that it provides a continuous surveillance on the financial risk factor in an organization which includes in the financial statements. This is the reason most of the companies and auditors are adapting the risk based audit approach as the audit process (Collings 2013). References Buckley, J.P., Furze, G., Doherty, P., Speck, L., Connolly, S., Hinton, S. and Jones, J.L., 2013. BACPR scientific statement: British standards and core components for cardiovascular disease prevention and rehabilitation.Heart, pp.heartjnl-2012. Cao, M., Chychyla, R. and Stewart, T., 2015. Big Data analytics in financial statement audits.Accounting Horizons,29(2), pp.423-429. Collings, S., 2013.Frequently Asked Questions in IFRS. John Wiley Sons. Epstein, B.J. and Ramamoorti, S., 2016. Today's Fraud Risk Models Lack Personality.The CPA Journal,86(3), p.14. Griffiths, M.P., 2012.Risk-based auditing. Gower Publishing, Ltd.. Johnstone, K., Gramling, A. and Rittenberg, L.E., 2013.Auditing: A Risk-Based Approach to Conducting a Quality Audit. Cengage Learning. Jones, M. and Smith, M., 2014. Traditional and alternative methods of measuring the understandability of accounting narratives.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(1), pp.183-208. Kinney, W.R., 2016. GAAS 1963-2012: The Global Foundations of Independent Audits and Research in Auditing. InOSU Accounting Research Conference. Leung, D., 2016.Inside Accounting: The Sociology of Financial Reporting and Auditing. Routledge. Lpez Gavira, R., Prez Lpez, J.. and Romero Garca, J.E., 2014. Positions on Regulations Affecting Auditing and Nonauditing Activities.Journal of CENTRUM Cathedra: The Business and Economics Research Journal,7(1), pp.75-90. Messier, W.F., 2014. An approach to learning risk-based auditing.Journal of Accounting Education,32(3), pp.276-287. Pitt, S.A., 2014. International standards for the professional practice of internal auditing. Sawyer, A. and Bright, K., 2014.The Access Manual: Designing, Auditing and Managing Inclusive Built Environments. John Wiley Sons. Wan, J.G. and Li, T.L., 2016, January. An applicable approach for performance auditing in ERP. InMATEC Web of Conferences(Vol. 44). EDP Sciences. Ward, J. and Peppard, J., 2016.The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons. Zu, L., 2013. Social Auditing. InEncyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility(pp. 2179-2188). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.