he Lottery by Shirley Jackson - 710 Words

Hitting the Lottery In the beginning of Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery,† June 27th is as normal as any other summer day in the small village. The morning was described as â€Å"clear and sunny† with â€Å"flowers blossoming profusely and the grass richly green† (Jackson, 1). The attitudes of the children are rather happy and normal as they begin to gather playing â€Å"boisterous[ly]† (Jackson, 1). By the end of the story, the beautiful, normal summer day as described in the beginning is a day that every member, including the children, of the town partakes in a public stoning of a member of their village. In this dark and unpredictable short story, Shirley Jackson uses tone and objects to convey a message of tradition and murder. The tone in Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† changes from happy to cautious to horrific. The tone not only creates a feel for the reader but it also reflects how the characters in the story feel as w ell. When the people are described as happy in the beginning, the reader is at ease, expecting nothing; however, a feeling of nervousness falls on the reader as the men in the crowd of villagers â€Å"[held] the small folded papers in their large hands [while] turning them over and over nervously† (Jackson, 4). The reader doesn’t know why the men with the slips of paper are nervous which causes him or her to become anxious and nervous as well. When a â€Å"stone hit [Mrs. Hutchinson’s] on the side of her head,† the tone quickly shifts from anxiety to disbelief and horrorShow MoreRelated Shirley Jacksons The Lottery 946 Words   |  4 PagesShirley Jackson is said to be one of the most â€Å"brilliant and influential authors of the twentieth century.† â€Å"Her fiction writing is some of the most important to come out of the American literary canon.† (http://shirleyjackson.org/Reviews.html) Jackson wrote many short stories and even some book s. They are more on the dark, witchlike side, however. Kelleher explains that Jackson stated in some interviews that she practiced magic. No one really knows if she was serious while practicing witchcraftRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson910 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis of the Short Story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson Shirley Jackson explores the subject of tradition in her short story â€Å"The Lottery†. A short story is normally evaluated based on its ability to provide a satisfying and complete presentation of its characters and themes. Shirley describes a small village that engages in an annual tradition known as â€Å"the lottery†. Narrating the story from a third person point of view, Shirley uses symbolism, foreshadowing and suspense to illustrateRead MoreThe Use Of Characterization In The Lottery By Shirley Jackson902 Words   |  4 Pages inhumane lottery in a situation in which the town goes together, the results may be a terrible end in a young life. In â€Å"The Lottery† written by, Shirley Jackson, the main character Mrs. Tessie Hutchinson’s and the town folk are the main characters of this story. In â€Å"The Lottery† Shirley Jackson uses the use of characterization to portray the main ideas of the story. Shirley Jackson also uses the use of plot structure and the point of view in which the story is being told. The Lottery is a way toRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson. 1. Focus/Thesis For Your885 Words   |  4 Pages THE LOTTERY by Shirley Jackson 1. Focus/thesis for your essay on the story you are researching The traditions and the rituals of the lottery authored by Shirley Jackson seems to be just as old as the town itself, more so since most residents don’t actually recall any of the old rituals, ven the Old Man Warner, who celebrates his 77th lottery. This implies that they are archaic in some ways and they are rooted in the traditions and superstitions that seem to include the crops and the human sacrificeRead MoreUse of Symbolism in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson1146 Words   |  5 Pagesbulb represents ideas that just sparked into a character’s head. In the short story, â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, a village has just entered the month of June, meaning that the lottery is to begin. When everyone was present, the heads of the households’ names were called one by one to pick up a slip of paper. It was then discovered that the Hutchinson family was the chosen family to participate in the lottery again. When Mr. Hutchinson, Mrs. Hutchinson, Bill Jr., Nancy, and Little Dave each gotRead MoreUse of Symbols in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson981 Words   |  4 Pagesstrive to do what’s right, and to show our strength against our greatest rivals. In the short story â€Å"The Lottery† there was a village that practice an ancient sacrificial killing for something in return from the gods. In this case, what the villagers received in return were well grown crops for food. The whole village would gather up once a year to have a traditional sacrifice they called The Lottery. The villagers would have their kids choose out stones for the village. Once they are all together withRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper f rom a black box. The husbandRead MoreAn Unkindness of Tradition: Shirley Jackson ´s Biography1624 Words   |  7 Pagesmorbid and daunting way of writing. A common form is that of suspense and mystery. Shirley Jackson takes mystery to a distinctive level. She depicts an era that has not yet been revealed. By looking at the background of this author, analyzing her writing and responding personally you will better enhance your learning experience and connection with this type of dark literature. Author Biography Shirley Jackson was an extremely well liked American author during the 1900s. However, in recent yearsRead MoreLiterary Elements in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson1334 Words   |  6 Pagesshort story, â€Å"The Lottery,† by Shirley Jackson communicates this theme by showing how the villagers participate in a lottery every year. In life, there are people who follow tradition because the have to, or they are used to following without question. The author, Shirley Jackson was born on December 14, 1916 in San Francisco, California. In 1937, Shirley Jackson attended Syracuse University where she began to write short stories. She was famous for the short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† and her best sellerRead MoreHuman Corruption Of Human Nature1140 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Corruption in â€Å"The Lottery† â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson is a classic short story in U.S literature. Written in 1948, the short story has been published in multiple languages around the world. It is still a required reading in U.S today. The story was later adapted into both a TV short and a play (â€Å"Shirley Jackson’s Bio†). Jackson uses irony and symbolism in â€Å"The Lottery† to show the corruption of human nature. The story opens up on a clear June day. It continues to describe an ominous

Redwin Strategic Marketing Plan - 7188 Words

Redwin Strategic Marketing Plan Table of Contents Title Page 1 Introduction 3 Situation Analysis 4 Market Analysis 5 Customer Analysis 8 Competitor Analysis 15 Internal Analysis 22 S.W.O.T Analysis 28 Strategic Position 31 Vision and Mission 32 Marketing Mix Strategies 33 References 35 Introduction Redwin is a small Australian based company with a relatively broad product range of body and skincare brands. Redwin also seeks to expand their product range overseas and within other product categories. Their products are Australian made and owned, are relatively priced, environmentally friendly and are also created from natural ingredients. Their current products include a range of sorbolene lotions, body washes,†¦show more content†¦Table 8 Australian Skin Care / Sun Care : Growth Categories 2007 Australian Skin Care / Sun Care Market Catergory Values Category Sales Value Increase 2005-2006 Market Category Value ($m) Facial Moisturiser n.c 85.7 Cleansing 3% 81.6 Current Redwin Products Hand Body Cream 10% 41.9 Creme -4.90% 5.8 Hand Cream -3% 4.5 Mens Skin Care 27% 15 Sun Care 9% 123 Fast Growing Products Self Tanning 15% 24 (Data source: Retailworld Grocery Guide 2007) The above data shows product growth categories for skincare. It is important to note that many of Redwin’s competitors do have products in Men’s skin care and in self tanning which are 2 of the fastest growing skin care categories in Australia. Customer Analysis Below is a simple application of our segmentation based on our chosen demographics. We used a multiShow MoreRelatedRedwin Strategic Marketing Plan7196 Words   |  29 PagesRedwin Strategic Marketing Plan Table of Contents Title Page 1 Introduction 3 Situation Analysis 4 Market Analysis 5 Customer Analysis 8 Competitor Analysis 15 Internal Analysis 22 S.W.O.T Analysis 28 Strategic Position 31 Vision and Mission 32 Marketing Mix Strategies 33 References 35 Introduction Redwin is a small Australian based company with a relatively broad product range of body and skincare brands. Redwin also seeks to expand their product range overseas and within other product categories

Cultural Identity and Biases-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Cultural Awareness. Answer: Persons cultural identity and biases that influence the cultural awareness The culture of Australia is diverse. The diversity in culture recognizes each of us as unique. Just as the persons have different DNA fingerprints. There are individual differences in the traditions they enjoy, living circumstances, jobs, and family structures. Each person has its own cultural identity and biases that influence the cultural awareness. They are all influenced by the individual thoughts and belief (Moran, Abramson Moran, 2014). The religious background may be same with another person but the persons values and beliefs are the most important. The cultural identity of the person depends on the persons own current beliefs and attitudes. This is under the influence of the family history or various aspects of the environment. The cultural awareness is thus governed by the concept of the cultural identity of the person (Robinson-Wood, 2016). The cultural bias of the person refers to the misunderstanding in the person. It is when the person feels that their values and beliefs are not in line. The person feels discomfort when they are confronted with someone or something that gives different cultural values. The feel is wanted to be accepted or accept other (Gaertner Dovidio, 2014). A person if working in any childhood services, the strategies that can be implemented to eliminate the social and cultural bias includes (Larkin, Felitti Anda, 2014) The person must nurture them and feel their values In order to increase their self- esteem, they must be praised and acknowledged They must also be encouraged to care for others. Use of the respectful and positive way of communication The social skills should be taught like Good morning , Thank you Cultural safety in individual action Cultural safety includes the actions that will respect the cultural identity of others. Thus it totally depends on the individual actions. The individual actions reflect ones own culture attitude and beliefs for other. Individual must have clear and respectful communication with others. The stereotypical barriers must be recognized and avoided (Vernon Papps, 2015). The communication methods that can be used while addressing the person with another culture following few things need to be considered, that include their different ways of speaking, speech pattern, codes of behavior, clothing. This can be done through verbal communication, gestures, body language, facial expression, written through emails, text message, signs, sign language (Rochecouste, Oliver Bennell, 2014). Increase in cultural competence in children In order to increase the cultural competence among the different work roles in the childrens services sector, the practitioner must gather all the information about the child-rearing practices of particular culture groups. Every person should be treated in individual basis. The work roles of the children services will center the account of the cultural differences, age differences and the needs of the individual. The team members will deliver the services in a cultural and flexible manner (Huey et al, 2015). This will include conducting services in the first language of the local people. There may be translators who can interpret the information in accessible English. In everyday activities, the artifacts of the cultures should be looked. The team members will increase their knowledge in a very culturally interesting ways. They can form forums, meetings, and workshops to make them know the strategies that they can take in order keep the cultural competence in the school. A clear guid eline needs to be made in the way what type of behavior is expected. The team members must know to influence the children, educators and the parents to develop understanding and acceptance of diversity (Forehand Kotchick, 2016). Definition of diversity Diversity is defined as the mixed workforce that gives wide varieties in a domain. They provide the wide range in abilities, experience, strength, background, ethnicity, religious beliefs and other attributes. This includes the compositions of different types of people that could be differences in races, cultures, qualities. Diversity is like onion peels. The main 4 layers in diversity will include the organizational dimension, external dimension , internal dimension and personality (Ang Van Dyne, 2015). Concept of diversity The concept of diversity will include the acceptance and respect for all the other who are different. Taking into account the above definition of diversity, the concept of diversity will focus on the understanding that every person is unique. The concept will circulate in a wide spectrum of dimensions that include the race, ethnic groups, gender, sexual orientation. It is about mainly exploration of the individual differences in positive, safe and environment which is nurturing. The concept will help people respect and put value to the ideologies and the beliefs of all the people (Hays, 2016). Thus it will help in understanding each other and celebrate any common issue with rich dimension of diversity contained within each individual. There are benefits in diversity as it brings different individuals with several backgrounds together to interact and cultivate new ideas. The development of the organization will thus be maintained through diversity competence and awareness. Impact of individuals culture on different people The individual culture including the community attitudes, language, policies and structures, has a huge impact on different people and groups. Sociologists and researchers have found out both the opportunities and the risks arise from such diversity. Multicultural towns have been found to act as the creativity house and breeding of magnets for the cultural and economic elites and ideas. The hurdles that could be created while interacting with wide group of people could be removed with by communicating in positive way. This includes paying respect to all the people equally (Naor et al, 2014). In Australia, many issues came up with the differences in cultural beliefs among the Indigenous Australian cultures. The best way to deal with the impact of the impact of the practices and experiences owing to the difference in individual beliefs is to recognize the sensitive nature of the issues. There is always impact in the quality and quantity of interactions among the people. There are place s reported with the cities that have increased ethnic and migration based diversity experience lot of difficulties. There is choice of friends favored with the same culture groups in social networks. This breaches the concept of diversity explaining the respect for all the people (Kim McLean, 2014). The effects of practices and experiences The practices and experiences on personal behavior, interpersonal relationship, perceptions and social expectations of others can impact diversity. Different people have different ways of interactions, since they are culturally different. The practices and experiences are different among different people. This will have impact on diversity and affects the co-workers, children and families and caregivers. The cultural expectations could affect the relationship between the clients and co-workers. There could be impact in the way the client relates to the service provider, the way the workers relate to clients and co-workers. There may be challenges in the professional behavior. The body language could be different among different people. There are significant differences between cultures and how people interpret facial expression. There are gender preferences that are different among various groups of people. Some cultures have could have particular rules in the interactions between males and females. Thus there should be considerations of the issue in gender preferences when planning services. Among the children, there will also be huge impacts. Different students are from different backgrounds and have different cultures. There could be problem with the interactions among the students and teachers on interpreting the teachings. Their families and the caregivers of the coworkers and students that have different cultures may affect the interpretations and communication. Often there can be chance of cultural and social bias. Potential issues on Aboriginal and Torres strait Islander people Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are found in most of the areas of Australia. There is diversity in language, culture and each indigenous group has the distinct lifestyles and religions and cultural conditions. There exists kinship made up of complex network of extended family ties. Aboriginal people believe in the custodial roles, rather than ownership in the land. The people here faces the current issues regarding the challenges with poorer health, less educational opportunities, lower employment and lower life expectancy (Andersen, Edwards Wolfe, 2016). The most difficult issues that the Aboriginal and the Torres Strait islander face are with the western system and structures. The ancestral lands are also currently set on the basis of the western rules of ownership. These are the problems faced regarding the economic and political diversity. They are located in the remote areas for which the services and opportunities are also low. The impact of western system and culture on the Aboriginal and Torres strait Islanders Most of the land systems are made on the basis of western culture. This has brought up difficulty for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. The availability of the Western medical skills, education and technology has increased the degree of difficulty among the Aboriginal and Torrens Strait people. Aborigines seeking education for their children find that the western education is ruining their traditional lifestyles and social cultures (Carey et al, 2016). The undermining in tradition goes deeper down with alcohol use. Thus with different surveys, it has been found that Aborigines which has probably the highest growth rate are worst in the health, housing, occupational, social and legal status. Ways to improve identify and improve the social awareness If our own attitudes are limited with cultural barriers, then one must work inclusively to build knowledge of others and create an inclusive environment. The improvements can only occur if we are aware of the expectations of various cultures and work accordingly and respect every people point of views. The culturally sensitive attitude will be non-biased and openness with the acceptance of the other people values, cultural customs which must also satisfy their personal and social needs. While interacting with the co workers, students or families, all must show interest to encourage them and make them participate in the service environment. Every positive thing must be focused with the respect for the similarities and differences. As the children are taught with this value, they will also learn to respect other people. Educators can work individually with developing the skills and knowledge of the culture of all the pupils. The best anti-bias approach is the strategy that each individ ual people develop. This is done by investigating the differences and similarities while developing a strong sense of self. This will include understanding the diversity in the service community References Andersen, C., Edwards, A., Wolfe, B. (2016). Finding Space and Place: Using Narrative and Imagery to Support Successful Outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People in Enabling Programs.The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, 1-11. Ang, S., Van Dyne, L. (2015).Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge. Carey, T. A., Dudgeon, P., Hammond, S. W., Hirvonen, T., Kyrios, M., Roufeil, L., Smith, P. (2017). The Australian Psychological Society's Apology to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People.Australian Psychologist,52(4), 261-267. Forehand, R., Kotchick, B. A. (2016). Cultural Diversity: A Wake-Up Call for Parent TrainingRepublished Article.Behavior therapy,47(6), 981-992. Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F. (2014).Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. Psychology Press. Hays, P. A. (2016). Addressing cultural complexities in practice: Assessment, diagnosis, and therapy. Huey Jr, S. J., Tilley, J. L., Jones, E. O., Smith, C. A. (2014). The contribution of cultural competence to evidence-based care for ethnically diverse populations.Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,10, 305-338. Kim, S., McLean, G. N. (2014). The impact of national culture on informal learning in the workplace.Adult Education Quarterly,64(1), 39-59. Larkin, H., Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F. (2014). Social work and adverse childhood experiences research: Implications for practice and health policy.Social work in public health,29(1), 1-16. Moran, R. T., Abramson, N. R., Moran, S. V. (2014).Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Naor, M., Jones, J. S., Bernardes, E. S., Goldstein, S. M., Schroeder, R. (2014). The culture-effectiveness link in a manufacturing context: A resource-based perspective.Journal of World Business,49(3), 321-331. Robinson-Wood, T. (2016).The convergence of race, ethnicity, and gender: Multiple identities in counseling. Sage Publications. Rochecouste, J., Oliver, R., Bennell, D. (2014). Is there cultural safety in Australian Universities?.International Journal of Higher Education,3(2), 153. Vernon, R., Papps, E. (2015). Cultural safety and continuing competence.Cultural safety in Aotearoa New Zealand,2.

Unique Crisis Response Strategies Relations â€Myassignmentrhelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Unique Crisis Response Strategies Relations? Answer: Introduction For the success of any business, it is necessary to evaluate the environmental factors. Evaluating the factors internal and external to the organization has a strong impact on the strategic processes and plan and can be a key determinant in the success of an organization. Once the leaders are able to identify the possible threats and opportunities present in the environment, the activities can be focused in the direction of achievement of strategic goals (Arthur, 2017). In this respect, the following report focuses on discussing the current strategic position of the company Softball Australia. A brief overview of the company has been provided at the beginning of the report along with its organizational structure, culture and leadership values. The report also includes a SWOT analysis and Porter's five force analysis to evaluate the internal and external factors present in the market. Overview of the Organization: Softball Australia Softball Australia is responsible for governing the softball sports in Australia. It is the governing body that comprises of eight member states which include both territories and states, clubs, associations, and all the individual members who are associated with the softball sports (Softball Australia, 2017). These individual members are those who are involved in coaching, playing, officiating or support the game in Australia. The sport was initially introduced in the year 1939 in NSW when Gordon Young, the NSWs Director of Physical Education, started promoting the game. However, it was introduced as an organized game in the year 1942 for the recreational purpose for the US nurses that were stationed in Melbourne (Nauright, 2012). Current Strategy of the Company The current strategy of the operations is focused to achieve its strategic goals by the end of 2020. The strategy of the organization is developed in five key areas which are discussed below: Developing and implementing a strategy that can be listened, communicated and has the capability to engage all the stakeholders and members- for this the organization is adopting alternatives that are concerned with the development of a website which is user-friendly and has a social media footprint. The organization has planned to visit almost every region in a calendar year and develop a system for effective communication and engagement of members. Developing a network of well managed and maintained facilities across the state- the organization is planning to devise a database that has information about all the facilities of places where the softball games have been held. It is also planning to design an asset management plan that would help in determining the true costs. Increase in the participation and development- the organization would be doing this by increasing its members to 5,000, the percentage of junior members to 30%, and coaches by 100% (Softball Western Australia, 2016). The alternatives adopted by the organization would be offering increased activities during calendar events and encouraging the associations to capitalize on the programs in schools, and programs like social 7s and batter up. Ensuring the sustainability of the softball by increasing the capacity and developing new partnerships across states. Organizational Structure, Culture and Leadership The organization follows a functional organizational structure where each portion of the association is grouped as per the purpose. The organization relies on the talent and capabilities of its employees. There are two levels at the top management, the senior most level is comprised of the organisations board of directors who are responsible for the strategy formulation and implementation. The next level consists of the organisations Chief Executing Officer (CEO). The next level is the middle management level which consists of different managers responsible for their departments. These managers are appointed for marketing function, sports development, my softball community, office, and handling events (Softball Australia, 2015). The lower level of management is comprised of various coordinators working in the departments, coaches, selectors, and various staff members (See Appendix 1). Softball Australia fosters a corporate culture of inclusivity where the focus is to make the sports popular among different communities. The organization ensures that the sport is culturally diverse, that is, people from different cultural backgrounds, gender, age groups, and abilities are involved in this sport, either in the form of playing, coaching, mentoring, administrating or promoting the sports. The leaders of the organization are the board of directors and CEO of the company who is responsible for determining and achieving the strategic goals for the organization. The current panel of the board of directors includes John Hollingsworth (also the chairman), Dennis Cullen, Annette Fidge, Helen Langenberg, Christine Heron, Peter Jon Hartshorne, Ron Gauci, and Fiona Crawford. The board of directors lead the organization and ensure that the sport is well managed and promoted across different states and at the time ensuring its sustainability (Softball Australia, 20171). Internal Analysis: SWOT The SWOT analysis is a tool used by the organisations to evaluate the internal environment. It stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (Sarsby, 2016). A SWOT analysis for the organization, Softball Australia has been presented in the following table. Strengths Knowledgeable and expert national coaches High performances Popularity of programs among people, such as community coaching program and softball batter up Engagement of all stakeholders (Softball Australia, 2012) Weaknesses High costs on participants Ageing state facility Opportunities Reintroduction in the Olympics for boosting the profile of the sport Uniting softball state-wide to allow wider communities to afford the game Capacity for facility building in terms of coaches and administrators Development of strong financial base that can be used to invest in the sports in future (Softball Australia, 2012) Threats Probability of reduction in the financial support provided by the government Preference given to other sports for recreational purpose Servicing only regional affiliates (Softball Western Australia, 2016) Analysis of the Strategic Direction On the analysis of the strategic plan of the organization, it is apparent that the organization is taking initiatives to further develop its scope in the states and ensuring its sustainability in the future. Most of its strategies developed for 2020 are focused on increasing its capacity, in terms of members, facilities, coaches, officials, and talent (Softball Western Australia, 2016). The emphasis of the organization is to develop a uniform strategy that can engage its stakeholders and members present across different states and promote the sports. The focus of these strategies lies in facilitating better communication among partners, increasing the facilities, better participation and development, development of talent and ensuring sustainability of softball. Industry and Competitive Analysis For analyzing the external environment Porter's five force model is used which measures the industry's attractiveness on the basis of five factors. These factors include the threat of substitutes, the threat of new entrants, industrial rivalry, bargaining power of buyers and bargaining power of suppliers (Porter, 2008). Industry Rivalry- as per Porters model, the main forces that determine the level of industrial rivalry are market maturity, high fixed costs, and competitors. The game was first played in the year 1939 and since then it has gained significant popularity (Softball Australia, 2017). However, in the current context, the other sports are gaining popularity, placing the softball game at a maturity stage (Softball Western Australia, 2016). The costs incurred on the members and participants are also high making the industry moderately attractive. Bargaining power of customers- the customers of the organization can be categorized into three, namely media outlets, fans, and corporations. Majority of the revenue comes from the fans who watch the games and league matches by buying tickets. The marketing outlets are responsible for bidding rights to broadcast the games and the corporations are involved with providing the sponsorships for different league teams. Considering all the customer groups, it is apparent that the power with the customers is high. Bargaining power of suppliers- the power of the players is determined on the factors like the interest of other teams in the player, player's performance, star power and free agent status. However, for the industry, the power of the suppliers is low except few exceptional players. The threat of substitutes- it is observed that the substitute products, that is, the other games played have a strong impact on the softball industry. Most of the fans are associated with softball due to the recreational purpose and are not die-hard fans, which signifies that they can easily switch to other sports they find interesting and entertaining. Moreover, with the introduction of new games, the threat of substitutes in this industry is very high. The threat of new entrants- even though, the organization is working for many years and has attained a league status, there are still possibilities for new entrants in the industry. However, it would be difficult for the new entrants to survive in the market due to high capital costs, brand reputation, and stiff competition from Softball Australia. Implications of the Internal and External Analysis It is observed that the national team is less preferred than the male-dominated sports played in Australia. It is apparent from the fact that the national team could not secure the same funding as that of male-dominated sports even after performing better in the international competitions (Stell, 1991). The major challenge faced by the industry is to provide equal opportunities for both men and women while playing softball. In the year 2005, the registered number of participants were recorded as 38,347 out of which 25,586 members were women. The encouragement by the state and federal governments and a vision of providing equal opportunities to all the talented players, professional sport of women is gaining importance. The impact of this is observed on the female athletes as they have a better opportunity to receive scholarships from Australian Institute of Sports (Commonwealth of Australia, 2006) Concept and Feasibility Benchmarking Against Other Leagues The benchmarking is related to establishment of the standards in the market place. The benchmarking against the other leagues can be established by making strong position in the market, become the league with the highest profit potential as well as defeating the other teams in the sports. The analysis of the threats for the future success of the leagues can help in maintaining the standards(Anderson, 2011). By winning the team oriented competitions, the benchmarking can be established against the other leagues as it will lead to achievements. The benchmarking provides with the profitability in terms of the achievement in the sports as well as in the financial performance(ISA, 2017). The enhanced performance of the league in context to the sports helps in establishing higher reputation in comparison to the other leagues. The set standards will influence the people as well(Nourayi, 2006). The other leagues will also try to match the stands in order to achieve the success. For this purp ose, it is essential for the league to maintain the benchmark. Market Position of Rivals The Softball Australia league faces severe competition from various sports league present in the market. A few of them are National Basketball League, Australian Ice Hockey League etc. The topmost position is acquired by the Basketball League of Australia. It was founded in 1979 and at present 8 teams contest for it out of which seven teams are from Australia and one is from New Zealand. There has been a considerable support of the NBL players to establish the league in Asian countries in the near future. In May 2016, the League began to set up their plans for establishing a team in China. This expansion plan is still into consideration. The players at NBL being at the top most positions receive a remuneration upto A$ 1,000,000(National Basketball League, 2017) . The Ice Hockey League of Australia is a popular league among other leagues of Ice hockey but the position of Ice Hockey league in Australia is restricted at its place and still needs to attain higher position. The players of AIHL are not paid for playing ice hockey but are given additional benefits like using the car, getting accommodation by the government. The potential plans of expansion of AIHL are towards Queensland by 2018 and Tasmania by 2020 (Ice Hockey Australia, 2017). Key Success Factors A sound organizational structure is required for developing a successful league. Such an organizational structure has a defined hierarchy and clearly defined organizational structure and positions. The employees have a clear sense of responsibility and competence and they fulfill them in the correct order and manner. Defined goal settings - Softball Australia has a defined Hierarchic goal system. It possesses a proper vision of the goals of the league and work in the direction of their achievement. Various departments of the league have their set department goals and each department works in the direction to fulfill them. For example - the under 19 softball league deals with the proper training and development of the under 19 team whereas the women's team has its own defined functions (schilaneck, 2005). Financing and controlling - Financing is handled by the cash flows and the contributions of the proprietor groups. Sponsoring of the acquisitions and inputs in the ticketing sales add to the finances of the league. The controlling system and processes are highly qualitative and narrow and comply with the goal settings. A controller is held in charge of all the financial transactions including sales and ticketing. Daily reports are handed over to the supervisors (Howard Crompton, 2002). Exterior communication system - A fully implemented Exterior communication systems are followed by the professional leagues which lead to their success. A properly implemented Customer identity conception including corporate communication and philosophy, corporate designing and behavior are maintained (Mueller Lashbrook, 2017). A worldwide PR strategy helps these leagues to reach heights of success. An efficient Image controlling, defined media contacts and management of relationships between media and the league are the factors contributing to the success (ToniBrucea TahliaTinib, 2008). Good Customer relations include a well maintained customer service and event management. An updated customer service database helps maintaining good relations and recognition among the customers. The management of the league events is maintained on a huge scale. It involves a tremendous pool of the event management companies to organize the large scale sports events. The media coverage makes it too large and creates a fuss in the market months before the leagues start. Human resource management is another powerful aspect of such successful professional leagues worldwide. The employees are attracted with a wide variety of materialistic and immaterialist incentives and rewards for them. The players get huge incentives apart from their fixed pays. These materialistic bonuses increase the efficient and the team spirit of the players and motivate them (Sports and HR, Talent |, 2017). The professional leagues follow an efficient method of leadership based on the communicative pattern. Department meetings are held on a regular basis and club meetings on a monthly basis. League Concept Sports leagues is the group of Sports team which compete against each other in a particular sport. The leagues may be for the amateurs who platy the sport for entertainment or the professionals which form a complex form of the league events. The players playing in the professional leagues get a huge sum of money and are hundreds in numbers. The professional leagues like AIHL, Softball Australia, and NBL Australia are very popular leagues. Their seasons end for several months and the media coverage is so humongous that it makes the league events quite popular all, over the world (Lentze, 1995). Organization and Governance of Sports Leagues There are several methods for the organization of the sports leagues. The teams competing in Sports leagues come from different cities or sometimes even the players of different countries are a part of it. Settlement of the rules of the league, selection of the umpires, the marketing strategies is al, the responsibilities of the organizers. The other challenges include collection of the sufficient revenues to make the league events run into profits (Noll, 2003). To maintain the efficiency in such events financing and controlling systems should be the perfect. Financing must be handled by the cash flows and the contributions of the proprietor groups. Sponsorship of the acquisitions and inputs of the ticketing sales contribute to the finances of the league. The governing process of leagues comes under the Government of the country under its sports department. The Sports departments fund the league events along with the financial support of the rich businessmen or the celebrities. These top profile people contribute by purchasing the teams and the players by auction. This gives money to the players and the event organization teams. The rules and regulations regarding the conflicts are designed by the Sports Departments of the respective countries (Rodriguez et al., 2007). The controlling system and its processes must qualitative and comply with the goal settings of the organizations organizing such events. A controller must be held in charge of all the financial services and transactions including ticketing and sales. Daily reports must be prepared and handed over to supervisors on a regular basis. Delivery of the Core Product The delivery of the product depends majorly on the level of the competition among the teams and on the business competition. The delivery of the product depends on the outcomes of the sports which eventually affects the consumers. The consumers identify their favorite teams. The winning team is more likely to become identifiable and the favorite of the consumers. Initially, league product was developed particularly for the fans that used to attend the games. But today there are various sources of the revenue that are available for the professional sports leagues and the core league product remains while at the same time, the different products are produced by league(Mason, 1999). In order to deliver the core product, the league is required to influence and attract the consumers and make its place in the market. It is essential for the league to use the marketing strategy in order to take the advantage of the potential markets. The one of the difficult task for the leagues is to sell the sports product to the consumers as the consumers are keener towards the sports products that are entertaining for them. The revenue is generated by the selling of the tickets of the league to the fans of the game and this is not provided with the importance by the leagues(Mason, 1999). Competition be formatted for strategic advantage The one of the valuable tools for the purpose of understanding the strengths, weaknesses, differences and the similarities of the market position of the rival companies is strategic group mapping. The close competitors are mainly in the nearby or same strategic group. The companies or the leagues which are in the distant strategic groups provides with minor or no threat(Umn.edu, 2017). The various strategic groups profit potential differs mainly because of the strengths and weaknesses in each of the market group position. The rivals who have higher profit potential are strongly positioned in the market and the rivals. The competitive pressure of the industry and the drivers of change majorly favor only some of the strategic groups and are unfavorable for the other strategic groups(Linton, 2017). Team ownership structure In the history of the sports league, only one type of ownership structure used to exist but in todays time, there are many types of ownership structure that exists in the sports leagues. For the success of the business and the league, it is essential to create a relatively passionate environment between the supporters of the league and should have the ability to convert a club into brand as well as should have the potential to generate the revenues. Above all, the foundation is the most important by which clubs are developed. The some of the leagues are able to achieve the success with the ownership of the fans(Savino, 2011). This strategy brings success but it also brings criticism of the supports with the public disclosure. The increase in the share provides the supporters with displeasure. The supporter ownership is successful for the some of the leagues and club(Rosner Shropshire, 2004). The one ownership model adopted by the league helps in operating the successful business. The one of the type of ownership structure includes the ownership of the clubs as well as operated by league. The clubs are organized independently. The owners as well as the ownership groups are the shareholders of the league. The ownership structure in which the league is owned by the owner group is operated by the owner group itself.(Savino, 2011). Home and away season vs event structure The events provide the sports benefits to the participants as well as provide the benefits related to the social, educational and cultural. The events are helpful in the promotion and the development of the sport. In Australia, the day carnival is hosted by Australia for the purpose to provide the opportunities to the young players of Australia as well as to attract the junior player towards the softball through the tournament(Softball Australia, 2017). The Waverly Easter carnival is conducted by the Waverly Softball Association for the purpose to attract the junior age player during the holidays of Easter annually. This provides the opportunities through the tournament to the teams and develops the young players for future(Littleleague, 2017). The master events of national as well as international level are hosted for the purpose to offer the physical activity in a festival and social environment. The softball has become the one of the sports in which people take the highest participation in master games(Softball Australia, 2017). The university events are hosted by the Australian University Sport. The various types of events are hosted by AUS. The participants should be enrolled in an educational institution for the diploma, degree or certificate course. The events of AUS offers friendly as well as competitive environment. The social program is also conducted during the event for the purpose to improve the experience of the participants (Softball Australia, 2017). References Anderson, T.R., 2011. Benchmarking In Sports. International Series in Operations Research Management Science, 71(1), pp.443-54. Arthur, L. 2017. The Implications of Environmental Analysis on Strategic Plan. [Online]. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/implications-environmental-analysis-strategic-plan-35303.html [Accessed on: 27 September 2017]. Commonwealth of Australia. 2006. Environment, Communications, Information Technology and the Arts References Committee. About time! Women in sport and recreation in Australia. [Online]. Available at: https://wwda.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/sportfr06.pdf [Accessed on: 27 September 2017]. Howard, D.R. Crompton, J.L., 2002. The growth and ?nancial status of professional sports in North America: insights for English soccer league? Taylor Francis Ltd. Ice Hockey Australia, 2017. Welcome To Ice Hockey Australia! [Online] Available at: https://www.iha.org.au/ [Accessed 2017]. ISA, 2017. Competitive Benchmarking Services. [Online] Available at: https://www.isa-sports.com/competitive-benchmarking.php [Accessed 2017]. Lentze, G., 1995. The Legal Concept of Professional Sports Leagues. Marquette Sports Law Review, 6(1), pp.65-94. Linton, I., 2017. How Are Competitive Rivals Positioned in the economics? [Online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/competitive-rivals-positioned-marketplace-38921.html [Accessed 2017]. Littleleague, 2017. Structure of Little League Baseball and Softball. [Online] Available at: https://www.littleleague.org/learn/about/structure.htm [Accessed 2017]. Mason, D.S., 1999. What is the sports product and who buys it? The marketing of professional sports leagues. European Journal of Marketiung, 33(3), pp.402-18. Mueller, J. Lashbrook, L., 2017. Sports Media Communication Course. [Online] Available at: https://www.sportsmanagementworldwide.com/courses/sports-marketing-communications [Accessed 2017]. National Basketball League, 2017. National Basketball League. [Online] Available at: https://www.nbl.com.au/ [Accessed 2017]. Nauright, J. 2012. Sports around the World: History, Culture, and Practice [4 volumes]: History, Culture, and Practice. Denver: ABC-CLIO. Noll, R.G., 2003. The Organization of Sports Leagues. Stanford University. Nourayi, M.M., 2006. Profitability in professional sports and benchmarking: the case of NBA franchises. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 13(3), pp.252-71. Porter, M.E. 2008. Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York: Simon and Schuster. Rodriguez, P., Kessene, S. Garcia, J., 2007. Governance and competition in professional sports leagues. 1st ed. Universidad de Oviedo. Rosner, S. Shropshire, K.L., 2004. The Business of Sports. Jones Bartlett Learning. Sarsby, A. 2016. SWOT Analysis. Lulu.com. Savino, C., 2011. Ownership Structure Of Clubs In The MLS And Abroad. Vox Media Inc. schilaneck, M., 2005. Key Economic Success factors in professional Sporting Clubs. University of Bayreuth, Germany. Softball Australia. 2012. Annual Report. [Online]. Available at: https://websites.sportstg.com/get_file.cgi?id=3785526 [Accessed on: 27 September 2017]. Softball Australia. 2015. Softball Australia Organizational Structure. [Online]. Available at: https://assets.softball.org.au/dl/sal/Policies%20%20procedures/Organisational%20Structure/Organisational%20Chart%20Updated%20May%202015FINAL.pdf [Accessed on: 27 September 2017]. Softball Australia. 2017. History. [Online]. Available at: https://www.softball.org.au/about/ [Accessed on: 27 September 2017]. Softball Australia. 2017. Board of Directors. [Online]. Available at: https://www.softball.org.au/about/board-of-directors/ [Accessed on: 27 September 2017]. Softball Australia, 2017. Tours Events. [Online] Available at: https://www.softball.org.au/tours-events/ [Accessed 2017]. Softball Western Australia. 2016. Softball WA 2020 Strategy. [Online]. Accounting at: https://websites.sportstg.com/get_file.cgi?id=35764452 [Accessed on: 27 September 2017]. Sports and HR, Talent |, 2017. This Year's Final Four Proves The Value of "Well Placed" over "Top" Talent. [Online] Available at: https://www.hrcapitalist.com/sports_and_hr/ [Accessed 2017]. Stell, M. K. 1991. Half the Race, A history of Australian women in sport. North Ryde: Harper Collins ToniBrucea TahliaTinib, 2008. Unique crisis response strategies in sports public relations: Rugby league and the case for diversion. Public Relations Review, 34(2), pp.108-15.

The Influences Upon Steven Berkoff Essay Example For Students

The Influences Upon Steven Berkoff Essay Upon analyzing Steven Berkoff as a practician I have ever deeply noted that his theories are really hard to specify due to their of all time altering and various nature. The deficiency of official certification on Berkoff s theories makes it particularly difficult to to the full grok what precisely the Berkovian public presentation manner involves and dictates. Fortunately he has written a few diaries which chronicle the dry run and originative procedure he has gone through for his assorted productions. Among these publications is Mediations on Metamorphosis ( 1995 ) , a diary of Berkoff s clip spent in Japan directing the ten percent major production of Metamorphosis, and Coriolanus in Deutschland ( 1992 ) which chronicles the dry run procedure for his 1988 production of Coriolanus in Munich, Germany. However, these diaries are chiefly autobiographical and lack much theoretical context. In 1969, Steven Berkoff presented the introduction of his version of Frank Kafka s Metamorphosis at the Round House Theatre in London. This production was important because Berkoff helping for the first clip as writer/adapter, manager, and histrion in a full-length undertaking presented an aesthetic which would go identified as his artistic hallmark. Metamorphosiscombined elements of Brechtian Epic Theatre by utilizing histrions to purposefully stand for characters instead than go them ; Antonin Artaud s Theatre of Cruelty by interrupting from traditional theater texts and inquiring the histrions to bare their interior ideas as if they were human-sacrifices to make ritualistic theaters ; Jean-Louis Barrault s total-theatre by utilizing all possible agencies to bring out the significance witting or otherwise of the drama ; and Jacques Le Coq s theories of mummer, motion, masks, and ensemble, by utilizing the performing artists to make the environment. Berkoff has besides been seen to integrate some of the ocular techniques used in Kabuki, a extremely stylized, extremely rh ythmic classicalJapanese signifier of theater. Kabuki music rises about the organic structure of the histrion. It does non enforce itself upon the histrion, but alternatively gives musical and rhythmic look to his motion, and in making so increases the flow of theatrical expressiveness toward the audience. ( 1974, p.113 ) Another facet of Nipponese Kabuki is apparent in Berkoff s traffics with masks and face pigment. We will write a custom essay on The Influences Upon Steven Berkoff specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Even though Berkoff appropriated production manners from others and adapted the spoken words from a novel, the terminal consequence was unambiguously Berkovian. In Mediation of Metamorphosis ( 1995 ) Berkoff seems to somewhat dispute person to specify his manner when he writes, More than of all time I feel my work develop into a sort of school, non by stiff expression but by larning certain techniques which expand your political orientation and communicating accomplishments. ( 1995, p.137 ) There are subjects that have undeniably remained comparatively changeless throughout Berkoff s work, subjects that can be seen as slightly of a base to the Berkovian theoretical model. These subjects I speak of are routed chiefly in the belief that the histrions inherent aptitudes should be trusted over all else and the occupation of theory is to assist arouse these inherent aptitudes. Berkoff s common subjects of extended physical look, transmutation, and over-exaggerated experimental accent up on the spoken word should hence be used as a agency to arouse and overstate the histrion instincts when covering with the character. The ambiance is in the sound which should come from the pharynxs of the histrions. Therefore their sound can command and magnify their state of affairs, since people make sounds every bit good as traveling and talking. This is entire and human, and in this manner you return to the histrion his mimetic gifts and his unwritten expressiveness. At the same clip one is seeing the state of affairs in human footings, as a narrative told to us by participants. ( Gambit, 1978, p.17 ) .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c , .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c .postImageUrl , .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c , .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c:hover , .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c:visited , .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c:active { border:0!important; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c:active , .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf12da472724d692786632d79edc2640c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Rough Life of a Lobster EssayBerkoff believes histrions should make their ain sounds and so breaks traditional mummer conventions. Like many of Le Coq s pupils, Berkoff freely changes the pure signifier of mummer to make his ain single manner. Surprisingly Le Coq encourages this pattern as it essential to his belief in leting the histrion to work as an person, believing it is of import to be unfastened and non to copy the manner of person else because you will neer be every bit good as he is. Each is better in his ain manner ( Lust, p.106 ) .In pulling from this infusion it is clear that I believe Berkoff is frequently sometimes regarded excessively extremely for ori ginating his public presentation manner when thought in peculiar about his direction of single development. Most of his public presentation manner is derived from Le Coq who has been proven to hold steadfast roots in the pattern of Commedia delle Arte. It seems that most of the Berkovian individualism stems from his Berkoff s ain idiosyncrasy. InModern and Post-Modern Mime, Thomas Leabhart summarizes the influences upon Le Coq: Lecoqsschool is one of those theaters that, instead than being a rsum of what has happened, has helped immature performing artists find new waies and so regenerate the theater. Lecoq s whole vision of the theater is like Copeau s, remain on the peripheries of the commercial theater, non desiring to give themselves to it as it exists. They, like their instructor, work apart, continue their artistic vision, nurture their strength, and steadily increase their power to act upon the class of theatre history. ( 1989, p.101-102 ) Like Lust s definition of postmodern mummer, Leabhart s sum-up of Le Coq s influence is applicable to Berkoff. Previously in 1973, Berkoff and The London Group declared their ain mission statement: To show play in the most critical manner conceivable ; to execute at the tallness of one s powers with all the available agencies. That is, through the spoken word, gesture, mummer and music. Sometimes the accent on one, sometimes on the other. ( Theatre Quarterly, 1978, p.39 ) This philosophical statement is an ideal illustration of the invariables that have remained throughout Berkoff s subsequent calling ; stylised motion, mummer, overdone vocal work, direct reference, asides, and improvisation are constituents of about every Berkovian public presentation. Berkoff expects histrions to willingly sacrifice themselves physically and emotionally, ready to execute whatever undertakings are necessary to light the text. When covering with texts, as a manager, Berkoff does non seek to bring forth a actual reproduction of texts on phase. It rare to see Berkoff trusting on the purpose of the writer, alternatively he uses the texts to relay his ain thoughts on phase. He has nt denied this. He said himself said that his version of Hamlet ( 1979 ) was a dissection of the drama ( I am Hamlet, 1989 ) , and his theatrical production of Agamemnon was attempted as an analysis of the drama instead than a realistic rendition. ( 2007, p.123 ) Berkoff preponderantly ever sees the set as his ain duty as he believes that it is critical in conformity with his desired aesthetic and theoretical projection. Most of the clip he is seen to utilize minimalist sets normally dwelling of one stationary prop, a couch or a tabular array for illustration. He believes that any mental environment desired can be created utilizing mummer and so it is unneeded for inordinate usage of props. Many of his plants have been performed in tight close one-fourth environments with extended usage of glowering visible radiation and shadow which seek to stress the physical presence on phase. Everlastingly on a pursuit for verve Berkoff is really prone to interrupt theatrical conventions, ensuing in a manner of to a great extent a contradictory nature. These contradictions are a partner of his finding to see how I could convey mime together with the spoken word as its opposite spouse, making the signifier and construction of the piece ( 1995, p.53 ) . Features such as this can be easy traced to his preparation with Jacques Le Coq, whom Thomas Leabhart, writer of And Post-Modern Mime ( 1989 ) , as modern learning mime to speak. ( 1989, p.101 ) To blend these antonyms, Berkoff relies on mummer, a traditionally soundless signifier, yet he cherishes the spoken word ; his productions are really extraordinary energy wise yet depend on great nuance ; the histrion should neer demo himself to be self-aware yet his presented ego is really much so ; Berkoff carefully choreographs motion yet he encourages improvisation. .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 , .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 .postImageUrl , .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 , .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338:hover , .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338:visited , .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338:active { border:0!important; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338:active , .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338 .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0a9e9c53cfa34d9ab4594777e202e338:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Persuasive: Overpopulation EssayOther beginnings of Berkovian theory is rooted in interviews and short articles ( some of which Berkoff has written ) which have been printed in assorted diaries. One the most important of these articles titled Three Theatre Manifestos. ( 1978 ) In an interview nowadays in the Three Theatre Manisfestos ( 1978 ) Berkoff outlines his doctrine which, harmonizing to him, has changed little through the old ages ; he summarizes his theories by saying: In the terminal there is merely the histrion, his organic structure, head and voice The histrion exists without the drama he can improvize, be soundless, mummer, do sounds and be a informant. ( 1978, p.11 ) Another infusion from Three Theatre Manifestos depicts Berkoff sounding unusually similar to Antoni Artaud and his Threatre of Cruelty: Acting for me is the closest metaphor to human forfeit on the phase ; ( 1978, p.7 ) other echo the ideas of Brecht By depicting the accident, the informant becomes the accident ; he is at that place live overing it. ( 1978, p.11 ) The ocular elements of a Berkovian production are strikingly blunt. Classical Greek theater, Nipponese Kabuki, and Vsevelod Meyerhold s constructivism, are peculiarly influential on Berkoff s ocular aesthetic.By blending minimum sets with really theatrical costumes, masks, and lighting, the ocular focal point is on the histrion. Though the costumes draw attending to themselves, they serve to stress the performing artist and aid to make the environment and the word picture. To pull a decision on Berkoff s genuineness in theatre one must take at expression at his work in a broader sense. Berkoff s part and influence upon theater is clear, but his topographic point as a name in history in questionable. Berkoff s public presentation aesthetic will doubtless ever exist in assorted different signifiers but whether he will be credited with association is a inquiry for future historiographers. However because his work is exhaustively grounded in the plants of many celebrated theaters names his manner will doubtless be incorporated into many future creative persons works wittingly or non. Bibliography: Berkoff, S ( 1995 ) Mediations on Metamorphosis, London: Faber and Faber Berkoff, S ( 1978 ) Three Theatre Manifestos. Gambit vol.32 p.7-21 Berkoff, S ( 1989 ) I am Hamlet. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, Interview with Anthony Claire.Anthony Claire Show. BBC Radio, London. N. digital audiotape. Berkoff, S ( 1996 ) Agamemnon and The Fall of the House of Usher. Oxford: Amber Lane Press Elder, B ( 1978 ) Making the Inexpressible Uncommonly Well. Theatre Quarterly, p.37-43 Ernst, E ( 1974 ) The Kabuki Theatre, Hawaii, University of Hawaii Press Leabhart, T ( 1989 ) Modern and Post-Modern Mime. New York: St. Martin s. Lust, A ( 2000 ) From the Grecian Mimes to Marcel Marceau and Beyond: Mimes, Actors, Pierrots, and Clowns: A History Of The Many Visages Of Mime In Theatre. Kent, Scarecrow. Keefe, J ( 2007 ) Physical theaters: A Critical Reader, London, Routledge

The Declaration of Sentiments Essays

The Declaration of Sentiments Essays The Declaration of Sentiments Essay The Declaration of Sentiments Essay the narrator,   like a lot of women at the time were trapped in this chaotic pattern of the wallpaper, moreover, this chaos causes the women to feel inferior to men in the society. (yellow symbolizes inferiority.) If a woman, like John’s sister, was content with the situation, and never learn to break loose, the only thing they can hope for are men and their place in a patriarchal society. As a result, these 19th century women will never be treated seriously. That is the reason the narrator decides to tear down the yellow wall paper over her last couple of nights, she felt that she has broken the wallpaper and thus her husband and by extension the whole of society that sought to imprison her. This is a powerful message for the women at that time, and was regarded as a sign of craziness. These efforts are by no means considered easy, she has to crawl around in the room as the women crawl around in the â€Å"yellow wa llpaper.In the story, the narrator spends a lot of time on describing her husband and the treatment she received from her doctor. There is one thing that is similar between the doctor and the husband: they are not only both highly educated, successful doctors, but the way they feel about women is   also the same: They want to treat the women with passion, and they are both loving, yet the only cure they have for women with mental depression is absolutely staying away from any meaningful work, even something they love to do. Rest and isolation are their receipt for cure. In the story, the narrator is treated like a baby by her husband, she was never treated as a patient.Sunlight is a symbol of her husband’s schedule; he is always available to give her the prescription every walking hour, then he will go somewhere the narrator is not always sure of. The schedule for the narrator is kind of â€Å"strange†, she prefers to sleep in the sunlight, yet during the moonlight, when her husband’s control loosens, the narrator can be secretively creative. She even creeps outside not being afraid of being caught. The reader cannot   blame the narrator, because this is the only time, during the moonlight, she can find her identity and brave enough to realize her deeply hidden desires. The comparison between oppressive sunlight and free-spirited moonlight further helps the reader understand what the main character has been going through day by day.One more important point that the reader can understand after reading the whole story is aesthetic changes through insanity: Gilmans prose is a model for a convincingly gradual and subtle decline into insanity. The narrators tone changes from naà ¯ve and depressed to paranoid and excited, and as she grows insane, her sentences reflect the state of her mind. Much like the chaotic pattern in the wallpaper, the sentences get choppy and confusing, grafting together disconnected one-line comments.In real life, t he author, Ms. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a well educated woman who has a strong sense of self-consciousness,   has developed an emotion disorder due to the fatigue and depression.   The prescription she got from her doctor was trying to abandon something she loves to do – writing. This is when â€Å"The Yellow wallpaper† was born. This is truly a wonderful piece by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. It reflects the psychological suffering women have to go through during that period of time, and Ms. Gilman accuses society of putting women into this state of paranoia, depression and self-destruction. It discloses the root cause of gender inequality and serves as the marker for the upcoming feminist movement.

Idea for Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Idea for Business Plan - Essay Example The competitors in the industry are large-scale dairy farmers and milk processing companies. Large scale farmers produce dairy products in large amounts and hence most customers will prefer their products since they are sure of a constant supply. Processing companies are big competitors since they have loyal customers. Nevertheless, the business people in the venture do not produce enough supply of dairy products and hence small businesses have a chance for growth under the stiff competition. The business will ascertain that its products are of high quality, and cleanliness will be paramount. Customers of dairy products mainly consider quality and health before making purchases and hence the business will be at a better position to thrive. The business will offer delivery services that will lure many customers into making orders from my firm. Dairy farming has a lot of opportunities in the greater Cleveland area since most milk products are brought from other places. Operating the business in Cleveland will minimize the operational costs and hence I can use price as a competition

IKEAs Resources and Competences in Developing Competitive Advantage Essay

IKEAs Resources and Competences in Developing Competitive Advantage - Essay Example With specific references to its competencies, it is apparent that since its inception, IKEA has always shown a great concern for people and the environment. This is based on its vision which is to create a better everyday life for many people. Indeed, its concern for people and the environment enhances its proper use of resources. Thus, it endeavors to keep its cost as minimum as possible. The IKEA entrepreneurial culture is enduring. For instance, its founder Ingvar Kamprad exhibited elements of entrepreneurship early in his childhood. As a fact, entrepreneurs are usually born and/or made. This way, the environment in which IKEA’s founder was raised up in nurtured his entrepreneurial skills. The Smalanders for instance, are famed for their informality and entrepreneurial spirit. For instance, His aunt would send him large quantities of matches which he would sell in small quantities at a lucrative price. Thus, he was exposed to an entrepreneurial culture early in his life. The leadership and organizational structure of IKEA are also ideal. Peter Hogsted, the CEO is subscribed to the idea of cost-cutting and promotes informal structure within the organization. Through the Hawthorne experiments, Elton Mayo, a renowned behavioral theorist was able to affirm that work satisfaction and performance among workers is basically not economic. It is rather more contingent on working conditions and attitudes. This includes proper communication, positive management response and encouraging employees to work hard by motivating them.

The Media Exposure of Children and Youths Essay

The Media Exposure of Children and Youths - Essay Example By spending this time watching the TV, video, and films, I got loads of information that connected with my life experiences, and more importantly, the experiences influenced my life in different ways. Through this paper, I will review two films: Adams Rib (1949) and Real Women Have Curves (2002), to show how the two have influenced and shaped my life. In particular, these two movies have highlighted the themes of gender, ethnicity and the role of parents, and have been instrumental in the development of my personal life. Â  As a Muslim, I had grown to the age of fifteen years, knowing and believing that men were superior to women in all ways, including the way they could succeed in education and career. However, during one evening, I watched a movie that would change my view of women and their potential within the society. Previously, I had watched my mother taking her roles as a housewife very confidently and proudly, until it was almost unusual for me to imagine the place of a woman in reputable roles like national administration, law or medicine (Rideout, Roberts and Foehr 6). The place that I had associated with women is commonly the reality among Muslims, as their culture and way of life, limit the entry of women into positions of leadership (Mernissi 34). The common socialized outlook, among Muslims especially those living in Muslim societies, is that men are stronger than women intellectually, physically and socially, therefore allow men to dominate women (Mernissi 34). Â  However, this outlook towards the roles and the positions of the two genders changed drastically, and the change has continued to change, since that time. The film showcases the lives of a married couple, Adam and Amanda Bonner (wife).

The importance of geometry

The importance of geometry This chapter includes the importance of geometry and the importance of learning how to solve traditional word problems by students in school mathematics. The concerns of mathematics education stakeholders about word problem solving based on national and international assessments and the suggestions provided by researchers and educators to improve students performance when solving word problems are also reviewed. The theories and empirical studies that focus on comprehension, representation, and solution of word problems are summarized. Although using mathematics, and in particular geometry, to model situations from work places has been part of education for centuries, the review of the literature starts with the beginning of the late nineteenth century, with the exception of Renà © Descartes (1596-1650) doctrine of problem solving (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1983). The review includes recommendations from important publications that inform mathematics education. Research-based theoretical and conceptual frameworks that support the solution process of mathematics word problems are used to develop a research hypothesis for examination in this study. Problem Solving and Solving Word Problems Some mathematics educators and researchers believe that a problem lies as an obstruction between two ends, the problem and the solution, without any clearly defined ways to traverse (Brownell, 1942; Mayer, 1985; Polya, 1980). This definition may also be applied to word problems because many researchers include math word problems in problem solving research (Kilpatrick, 1985). The logic behind this definition can be traced back to Renà © Descartes (1596-1650) philosophy which suggests that method is necessary to uncover the truth of nature. The following excerpt from Encyclopedia Britannica (1983) on Descartes Discourse on Method is worth mentioning as part of his doctrine of problem solving  [1]  [The Discourse] is a philosophical classic. [It] hides the fundamental assertion that the human mind is basically sound and the only means of attaining truth à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ never to accept anything as true which I [you] did not clearly and distinctly see to be so. Descartes thus implies the rejection of all accepted ideas and opinions, the determination to doubt until convinced of the contrary by self-evident facts. The second rule is an instruction to analyze the problem to be solved. Once cleared of its prejudices, the mind, using the example set by mathematicians, must divide each of the difficulties under e xamination into as many parts as possible; that is, discover what is relevant to the problem and reduce it as far as possible to its simplest data. The third rule is to conduct my thoughts in order, beginning with objects that are the simplest and easiest to know and so proceed, gradually, to knowledge of the more complex. The fourth rule is a warning to recapitulate the chains of reasoning to be certain that there are no omissions. These simple rules are not to be considered a mere automatic formula; they are to be regarded as a mental discipline, based on the example of mathematical practice. (p. 600) Schoenfeld (1987) summarized the four phases of Descartes problem solving plan. The idea in phase I is to reduce an algebra problem to a single variable equation for solving. Phase II suggests reducing a mathematics problem to an algebra problem and solving it according to phase I. In phase III, any problem situation is converted to a mathematics problem by mathematizing. In phase IV , the problem is then solved using the ideas in phase I and II. In two of his many rules (rules XIV and XV), Descartes suggested the drawing of diagrams as an aid to solving problems (pp. 29-36). It is noted from the above excerpt of Descartes problem solving process that a problem should be broken down to its parts before attempting to solve it. Each part should also be understood separately. For example, a word problem can usually be solved if one can understand the words (vocabulary), their meaning, their interconnection, the objects they represent, and the relevance of those objects in the problem. Solving a word problem is also sometimes referred to as problem solving. According to Branca (1987), problem solving is an alternative meaning of applying mathematics to different circumstances (p. 72). That means if a situation is explained in words, or in a word problem, then applying mathematics as a tool to solve that problem situation may be treated as problem solving. Also, Brow n, Cronin, and McEntire (1994) stated that assessment on word problems has different names, including math reasoning, problem solving, word problems, as well as story problems (p. 32). Although word problems have been extensively used in problem solving research, the similarity and differences between word problems and problem solving should be clarified. A word problem is also a problem to solve, according to the definitions previously mentioned. Many educators think solving word problems require the problem solving skills. For this dissertation, word problems will refer to problems of the type that appear in standardized assessments and tests such as the NAEP, the New Jersey HSPA, the SAT, and the ACT. They are not problems related to everyday human life without unstated facts where students have to wander, collect facts for mathematizing the situation before solving them. The problems in this study can be attempted using general heuristics (Polya, 1945; Schoenfeld, 1985), as well as through the application of Descartes problem solving principle and other methods based on Descartes philosophy. According to Kilpatrick (1987), in recent years, some researchers in mathematics education have used problems with increasing level of difficulty and learning opportunity that require the novel combination of rules and reasoning. A few similar problems were used in this research. (See Appendix K for sample problems) However, these problems are infrequently found outside of tests or class assignments. Solving Word Problems: A Goal of Mathematics Education Learning to solve problems is the principal reason of studying mathematics (National Council of Supervisors of Mathematics, 1977, p. 2). The NCTM (Krulik Reys, 1980) also suggested that problem solving be regarded as the major goal of learning school mathematics from 1980 to 1989 and repeated that recommendation more recently (NCTM, 2000). Mathematics accomplishment of students, which includes problem solving, became a major concern in the U. S. with the release of A Nation at Risk (U. S. Department of Education, 1983). This publication recommended focusing on the teaching of geometric and algebraic concepts and real-life importance of mathematics in solving problems. The low word problem solving ability of U.S. students of 9, 13, and 17 years of age was verified by the first data from the NAEP conducted in 1973. While analyzing the results of that assessment, Carpenter, Coburn, Reys, and Wilson (1976) concluded: It is most disturbing to ascertain the suggestion that many students receive very little opportunity to learn to solve world problems. The assessment results are so poor, however, that we wonder whether this is not the case. A commitment to working and thinking about word problems is needed for teachers and their students. (p. 392) Table 2.1 shows the scale scores of NAEP on mathematics obtained by U.S. students in grades 4, 8, and 12, on a 0 to 500 scale, from 1990 to 2007. Table 2.2 s hows the percent of different types of word problems correctly answered by the students in grades 8 and 12. According to Braswell et al. (2001), the achievement levels of 249, 299, and 336 are considered proficient levels for fourth-, eighth-, and 12th-grade students, respectively. Table 2.1 indicates very small improvements in the NAEP test scores for fourth-grade and eighth-grade students over the span of 17 years (1990 to 2007). However, these scores are below the suggested proficiency levels. It may be noted from Tables 2.1 and 2.2 that improvement, either in overall performance or in word problem solving skills for all participating U.S. students, is trivial. Also the scores that hover around 230 for grade 4, 275 for grade 8, and 300 for grade 12 on a 0 to 500 scale are too low. Of particular concern is an average of only 4% correctly answered questions for the years 1990 to 2000 (Table 2.2) by U.S. grade 12 students on volume and surface area related problems. International as sessments such as the FIMS in 1965, the SIMS in 1982, the PISA in 2003 and 2007, and the TIMSS in 1995 and 2003 further attested U.S. students poor problem solving skills and highlighted their low mathematical achievement in comparison to students from other participating countries. The FIMS and SIMS conducted mathematics assessment of 13year-old students and high school seniors (National Council of Educational Statistics, 1992). According to the NCTM (2004), the PISA measures the numerical skills and problem solving aptitude of 15-year-old students on a scale of 0 to 500whereas the TIMSS measures fourth and eighth grade students ability on concepts on a scale of 0 to 1000. The NCTM also reported that the NAEP, TIMSS, and PISA, which are low-stakes tests, generate group performance results of students. High-stakes tests, like New Jerseys HSPA or other state mandated tests, as well as the SAT and ACT, focus on the performance of individual students. Of the three assessments, NAEP, TI MSS, and PISA, TIMSS and NAEP have the most in common in terms of mathematical concepts and cognitive necessity (NCTM). The findings from the mathematics results of the PISA of 2000 and 2003 reported by Lemke et al. (2004) indicated that U. S. performance in algebra and geometry was lower than two-third of the participating OECD countries. Even the top 10% of the participants in the U.S. were outperformed by more than half of their OECD counterparts in solving problems. The then U.S. Education Secretary emphasized the need to reform high schools on top priority basis (U.S. Department of Education, 2005). The latest PISA (2007) results indicated that the mathematical accomplishment of U.S students is lower than the international average. According to TIMSS (2003), U.S. students of fourth and eighth grades scored on average 518 and 504, respectively in mathematics. These scores were higher than the average score of 495 of the fourth-grade students in the 25 participating countries and the average score of 466 of the eighth-grade students in the 45 participating countries. However, these scores were lower than the 4 Asian countries and 7 European countries for fourth grade and lower than the 5 Asian countries and 4 European countries for eighth grade. Although the average score of U.S. eighth-grade students improved by only 12 points from 492 in 1995 to 504 in 2003, there was no change reported by TIMSS in their score from 1999 to 2003. Overall, these scores on a scale from 0 to 1000 indicate that students in grades four and eight in the U.S. only achieved about 50% mastery of the concepts tested. National (NAEP, 2007) and international (FIMS, 1965; SIMS, 1982; TIMSS, 1995, 1999, 2003) assessments indicate that student achievement in mathematics remains a major educational concern. Those assessments use multiple choice, short-response, and open-ended word problems which are similar to those on the New Jersey HSPA, SAT, and ACT. Since students mathematical skills are measured using one or more of the above assessments, learning to solve word problems must be considered a major goal of mathematics education and a major component of assessing student achievement in mathematics. Further, learning to solve word problems related to real-life situations using mathematical concepts also helps students to be successful at work and in their lives. Geometry as a Cornerstone of Mathematics-History of Problem Solving and Geometry In ancient India, the rudiments of Geometry, called Rekha-Ganita, were formulated and applied to solve architectural problems for building temple motifs (Srivathsa, Narasimhan, Saà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã†â€™sat 2003, p. 218). The 4000 years old mathematics that emerged in India during The Indus Civilization (2500 BC-1700 BC) proposed for the first time, the ideas of zero, algebra, and finding square and cube roots in Indian Vedic literature (Birodhkar, 1997; OConnor Robertson, 2000; Singh, 2004). The significance of studying geometry is evi dent from the past mathematical records. The book, A History of Mathematics (Suzuki, 2002) provides the mathematical innovations made by the most brilliant mathematicians from ancient times until the 20th century. Some of the mathematical developments presented in this book that are related to problem solving and geometry are discussed next. According to Suzuki (2002), the ancient Egyptians (3000 B.C.) demonstrated their skills in solving word problems by an Egyptian scribe on the mathematical papyri using the concepts of linear and nonlinear equations without any mathematical notations. That is, every problem solved by an Egyptian scribe was a word problem (p. 13). In order to redraw property lines after the yearly flooding of the Nile, the Egyptians developed realistic geometry related geometric figures, but not their abstract properties. Also, their geometry is filled with problems relating to pyramids (p. 16). The Babylonians (1700 B.C.) also routinely solved more complicated an d complex problems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ entirely verbally (Suzuki, 2002, p. 28) without any system of mathematical notations. Their ways of solving interest relate problems show their advanced mathematical skills. According to Suzuki, the Babylonians also developed methods for calculating the area of triangles, trapezoids and other polygons. Before Pythagoras (580-500 B.C.), the Pythagorean Theorem was well known to the Babylonians (p. 31). The development of pre-Euclidean geometry goes back to the age of Plato (427-347 B.C.). It is said that the entrance plaque to Platos school in Athens read, Let No One Unversed In Geometry Come Under My Roof (Suzuki, 2002, p. 74). According to Suzuki, Plato had probably discovered the word mathematics from the mathema, meaning the three liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy (p. 74). Later, Euclid (300 B.C.), who lived in Alexandria, Egypt, wrote the Elements, a conglomeration of 300 years of Greek geometrical development. The Elements was so important for the next two thousand years of mathematics that Euclidean geometry became an essential part of learning mathematics until it faced the first serious mathematical challenges (p. 86) in the 19th century. The significance of understanding geometry for high school students has been a part of recommendations of the committees on mathematics education in the U.S. since 1894 (Commission on Mathematics, 1959; National Education Association, 1894, National Committee on Mathematical Requirements, 1923; Progressive Education Association (PEA) Committee and the Joint Commission, 1940; The National Committee of Fifteen, 1912). An account of these committees reports may be found in the 1970 yearbook of the NCTM, A History of Mathematics Education in the United States and Canada. A brief of the recommendations of these committees are presented below. The first national group of experts that addressed mathematics education was the subcommittee on mathematics of the Committee of Ten (National Education Association, 1894). They considered the goals and curriculum for mathematics education and recommended preparatory work on algebra and geometry in the upper elementary school curriculum. On demonstrative geometry, the committee stressed on the importance of elegance and finish in geometrical demonstration (p. 25). About demonstrative geometry, the committee further stated, there is no student whom it will not brighten and strengthen intellectually as few other exercises can (p. 116). This suggests all mathematics teachers engage their students in using the geometric concepts to visualize their surroundings and to geometrically demonstrate what they visualize. The final report of The National Committee of Fifteen on the Geometry Syllabus (National Education Association, 1912) recommended using realistic approaches to exercises in mathematics instruction. Eleven years later, its final report, The Reorganization of Mathematics in Secondary Education (The National C ommittee on Mathematical Requirements, 1923) also stressed the importance of the studying geometry. The commission advocated that the course of study in mathematics during the seventh, eighth, and ninth years contain the fundamental notions of arithmetic, of algebra, of intuitive geometry, of numerical trigonometry, and at least an introduction to demonstrative geometry (p. 1). One of the practical aims of this ecommendation was to encourage familiarity with geometric forms common in nature and life, as well as the elementary properties and relations of these forms, including their measurement, the development of space-perception, and the exercise of spatial imagination.

News and Politics In the 1920s :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  News and Politics In the 1920's   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The five years (1920-1925) chosen are exciting. There were presidents elected, one dying in office, baseball was still the national pastime, a major political scandal, and there were new inventions everywhere!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although all of the events can be listed in chronological order and described as news, the 1920’s had many exciting firsts. In telling about them, it seems to be better not to put them in any order. That makes them more interesting. That makes it easier to divide them into events. Those events make up the news, sports, industrial announce-ments, and political reports of the time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Warren Harding walked a couple of miles down Pennsylvania Avenue on the day he was sworn into office. He appointed the Republican Senator Albert Fall from New Mexico to the Department of The Interior. Secretary Fall became one of the major scandal makers in U. S. History.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Teapot Dome affair (named for an oil field in Wyoming) was about oil. Albert Fall believed that the Navy’s oil reserves, still underground, should be available to the private enterprise. That was against the law, especially since it was done for a bribe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Radio station KDKA out of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was the first to make a broadcast in America. There were very few people listening! Radio receivers didn’t exist for the general population. Americans soon caught on to the idea and demanded radio sets for their homes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A previous World Series was scandalized by bribery. By 1921, â€Å"Shoeless† Joe Jackson, and eight others of the Chicago White Sox players were on trial. Baseball really took it hard. In that same year, baseball enjoyed the first radio broadcast of the World Series, and the Giants beat the Yankees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Colonel Billy Mitchell decided to prove his theory of airpower to the big shots in 1921. Using German ships from the Great War, Col. Mitchell’s bombers sank the former dreadnaughts pretty easily. Although he was correct, the â€Å"brass† disliked him for showing up the Navy, and the star (General Staff) was never put on his collar. Air-power did take its place in the military and it became every bit as important as he hoped.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Early Twenties sure went by fast; Lt. Al Williams broke the air speed record in 1923. He was flying a Curtis Racer when he passed 273.7 mph at an airfield in St. Louis, Missouri.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The President died in office. The newly sworn President [Mr.

Motivation in the Workplace Essay

Motivation is difficult to explain and practice. However motivation is still the one thing that makes people productive in their jobs. Whether the motivation is tangible or not, it all depends on the individual and how management takes the information and applies it. There are many theories and practices that can be studied and applied to any situation. Motivational theories are studied and practiced by theorists and companies to increase productivity. According to Jerald Greenberg (1999) scientist have defined motivations â€Å"as the process of arousing, directing and maintaining behavior towards a goal†. The act of arousing is related to the desire and vigor to produce. Directing is the election of behavior, and maintenance is the inclination to behave a certain manner until the desired outcome is met (Greenberg 1999). Much of the motivation theories will be related to the definition provided. Some major motivation theories along with the method to successfully motivate employees will be introduced. The theory and method that a manager may choose to use will depend on the environment and on the individual. There are two types of motivation theories content and process. The Content theories are based on the basic need and drives. The other theories focus on the process by which people are motivated (Pepitone, 1999). Content theories of motivation focus on this question: What causes behavior to occur and stop? The answers usually center on (1) the needs, motives or desires that drive pressure and forces employees to action and (2)employees’ relationships to the incentive that lead, induce, pull and persuade them to perform. The needs or motives are internal to the individual. They cause people to choose a specific course of action to satisfy a need. Incentives are external factors that give value or utility to the goal or outcome of the employees’ behavior (Pepitone, 1999). Abraham H. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a content motivational theory. Maslow’s basis was human behavior. He conducted his investigation between 1939 and 1943. The hierarchy of needs has five sets of goals that are called basic needs. Maslow’s idea was â€Å" people will not be healthy and well-adjusted unless they have their needs met† (Greenberg 1999). Maslow arranged the needs in different levels in order of importance. As in a hierarchy the lower level are the most basic needs and the top are the higher level needs. Looking at the figure below one can see how the hierarchy works. The lower order needs must be met before proceeding to the higher order needs. According to Greenberg (1999), Maslow’s needs are in the following order: physiological need, safety need, social need, esteem need, and self-actualization. Man’s basic needs are physiological, for example, hunger, thirst, sleep, etc. When these are satisfied they are replaced by safety needs reflecting one’s desire for protection against danger or deprivation. These in turn, when satisfied are replaced by the need for love or belonging to, which are functions of man’s desire to belong to a group, to give and receive friendship and to associate happily with people. When these needs have been satisfied, the esteem needs seeks to be met. One desires self -esteem and self-respect, which are affected by a person’s standing reputation, and his need for recognition and appreciation. Finally, individuals have a need for self-actualization or a desire for self-fulfillment. The urge by individuals for self-development, creativity and job satisfaction (Boeree 1999) In the past, management rewards systems have attempted to satisfy an individual’s lower level needs for safety and physiological security, for protection against deprivation and the threat to a worker or his family. However, management rewards systems should be, aiming to satisfy the individual’s actual need (Boeree 1999). When believed that a certain reward is important and can be attained, the individual will demonstrate a given amount of effort. This in turn will be demonstrated in performance. The link between effort, performance and expectancy is about accomplishing the task. The links between the performance and reward are connected. One’s assumption for whether the rewards are available if the person worked effectively describes the link. In this link the manager/organization is responsible of acknowledging the performance of the employee. If the manager/organizatio n does not acknowledge the employee, there can be a breakdown in the motivation. The acknowledgment needs to be direct, strong, and immediate. Employees usually determine in advance what their behavior may accomplish and the value they place on alternative possible accomplishments or outcomes. Goal setting theory is the specification of goal to increase performance. Assigning difficult goals usually result in higher performance. Goal setting has three components that have to be used to successfully apply this concept. First the identification of the process, then the characteristics and finally the feedback. The characteristics of goal setting consist of making the goal specific and challenging. The goal must be challenging to increase self-efficacy. It has been noted that a difficult task tends to increase an employee’s performance. This may be because usually people work harder to reach a challenging goal as long it is believed that it can be done. Lastly, feedback will allow people to be informed of their progress. This stage usually included praises about the good job that has been done (Wheaton & Cameron, 1998). The descriptions of content and process theories of motivation dealing with organizational and individual behavior are briefly explained. The explanation is only a basis for a better understanding on why and how to approach the concept of motivating employees. All the theories conclude that the manner that managers perceive their organizations and their employees affect their productivity. Whether they are private, public or non-profit organization their aim is to be productive and effective. When looking at the different sectors, they have different goals and objectives, and therefore they must take different approaches in management. Though this may be true we must also acknowledge that all sectors require one to motivate their staff to produce. As managers we must into consideration the different type of individual that make up our organizations. One must modify management styles and behaviors. Dr. Renis Likert has researched many organizations and developed an effective manner to motivate employees and have a productive organization. He has identified four management styles that he feels should be a part of management style in an organization. First exploitive style is where management makes all the decisions and the lower levels are given no power this style has an authoritative approach. The second is the benevolent style that has an authoritative approach, however in this case the management has some trust. The consultative style has substantial amount of trust in their staff. The staff is motivated by reward and some involvement. There is some communication and teamwork involved. Lastly the participative style is more of the group approach. Management has confidences in their staff and the staff feels responsible in accomplishing the organizations mission. This style encourages communication and teamwork. The participative style is the best approach for profit and customer service organizations. Organizations should make the transition to train management to motivate their staff using the participative approach (Cook 1991). As a manager it is difficult to motivate your staff to be productive; however, using certain methods can create a positive environment. It was thought that money motivated people but that has changed. Much of the theories discussed before deal with individual behaviors and needs. One can conclude that motivation is internal and as employers one must make observations and decide what each individual desires. According to Cook (1991) manager must give their staff as much as an organization can. Many employees want to have benefits and security, however; what happens after a job has provided those needs. Remember that Maslow theory has the five needs of an individual and they do not all deal with the necessary needs. As an employer identifying what stage your employee is in will help in putting a plan into action. Collaboration is a way to give employees the feeling of importance. Eliminating any kind of obstacle will create an atmosphere that your staff is eager to perform (Bruce, A. & Pepitone, J. 1999). Another approach is educating your employees and matches them to projects that they find interesting and those on which they are knowledgeable. Employees are willing to work harder on projects that they can relate to. This will also increase their success rate that will help in improving their self-esteem. Yet another way to increase productivity is with empowerment. Giving people the choice to make decisions and giving them the tools and supports to their job will increase the inner motivation force within the employees. Encourage staff to satisfy their need for affiliation and create a relationship with the employee to be part of the organizations mission. It is difficult to motivate employees when a manager’s view is negative. For instance a manager’s behavior is explained with McGregor’s Theory X or Theory Y. In this case a manager must identify what style of managing is most effective. Building morale is an important concept when motivating employees. Morale will help create productivity in an organization. Developing a shared vision is a way to begin building morale. For instance as managers, one must communicate views honestly a directly during discussion with employees about performance. Make sure they have the necessary information to do their job. Allow employees to influence their own performance goals. Get out of the office, be visible and accessible. Communicate a clear view of the long-range direction of the organization. Listen carefully and consider the opinions of others open-mindedly before evaluating staff. Communicate high personal standards informally with day-to-day contact. Remember to acknowledge the progress that the staff has achieved either with certificates, a note or just a tap on the shoulder. The staff wants to be told that they are doing a good job (Pepitone & Bruce, 1999). Again empowering staff requires some basic principles. Inform the staff what their responsibilities are. Give them authority equal to their responsibilities. Set standards of excellence. Provide people with training that will enable them to meet these standards. Provide feedback on performance. Recognize them for their achievements. Trust and treat them with dignity and respect (Nelson 1997). Showing staff that management is listening and affirming that you understand their view will create positive work environment. The language that use is also very important. Using â€Å"we† and â€Å"us† when speaking of the organization this will make the staff feel a part of the organization, thus improving the productivity of the staff. Encourage employees to make suggestion no matter how small the idea may be, and this will create a comfortable environment and inspire more significant ideas (Cook 1991). It is important to point out, however, that motivation must be used wisely. The misuse of some theories and techniques could result in negative consequences. Remember that employees who receive rewards on performance tend to perform better than employees in groups where rewards are not based on performance. Understanding the causes of human behavior can predict the behavior to the extent that the behavior can be controlled. Therefore, if managers understand the relationship between incentives, motivation, and productivity, they should be able to predict the behavior of their employees. Consequently, managers who know this, and know how to apply given incentive, can expect to realize increased productivity from employees. Today, 70% of employees are less motivated while 50% only put enough effort into their work to keep their job (Spitzer 1995). Many managers are not sure of the technique to use to motivate their staff. The best way to find what motivates staff is to ask them directly. This may be done informally or during performance evaluations. Find out what he/she wants from the organization and what makes them happy. A happy employee will be more productive than an unhappy one. If there has been a problem with absenteeism it may be because the organization is not fulfilling their needs. Whether it is need for achievement, the need for power, the need for affiliation, or the basic needs as studied by Herzberg, McClelland, or Maslow as a manager must examine and modify the management approach. References Boeree, C. George (2006) Abraham Maslow. Available: http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.html Cook, M. (1991). 10-Minute Guide to Motivating People. New York: Alpha Book Greenberg, J. (1999) Managing Behavior in Organizational (2nd Ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall Learning, Reinforcement, Reward System and Self-Management Teams. Available: www.emporio.edu Nelson, B (1997). 1001 Ways to Energize Employees. New York: Workman Publishing Pepitone, J. &Bruce, A. (1999) Motivating Employees. New York: McGraw Hill Spitzer, D. (1995). Super Motivation. New York: AMACON. Wheaton & Cameron.(1998) Developing Management Skills 4th Ed. Addison –Wesley Inc