Classical Art Remakes Preserve Cultural Heritage for Future Generations Essay

I. Introduction Hook: New idea – it is well forgotten old (Geoffrey Chaucer) Thesis: I strongly belief that classical art remakes preserve cultural heritage for future generations, and the purpose of this paper is to prove it. II. Body A. Topic sentence: First, until further arguments, it is important to give the correct meaning of the word â€Å"remake. † 1. â€Å"Translation† classics art into the language of the modernity. 2. Newer version or interpretation 3. Not a parody B. Topic sentence: Second, the remake allows the younger generation to encounter with deep knowledge that has been embedded by great creators in their artworks. 1. Bottomless meaning 2. The remake is a lifebuoy 3. New life to long-forgotten artwork C. Topic sentence: Finally, main goal of remakes is not only the preservation of cultural heritage, but also are to preserve historical heritage and to immortalize the names of great and talented people. 1. A sign of ultimate fame of the original art 2. Highest prevalence 3. â€Å"Absentee† readers are always more than â€Å"confrontations. † III. Conclusion New idea – it is well forgotten old (Geoffrey Chaucer) Classical art is a moral category, which is carrying the â€Å"eternal† content. Unfortunately, the classics, such us literature, cinematography or painting, is losing its relevance under the influence of time. Only remakes of classic art-works are evidence of their immortality. Someone thinks that remake is just another way to extract money, for example, from viewers, which wanted to see their favorite movie in the new interpretation. However, I strongly belief that classical art remakes preserve cultural heritage for future generations, and the purpose of this paper is to prove it. First, until further arguments, it is important to give the correct meaning of the word â€Å"remake. † Definition of the remake is quite simple: it is â€Å"translation† classics art into the language of the modernity. In other words, the remake – it is a newer version or interpretation of previously published work. It is not a parody and does not quote a source, moreover remake fills classics with new and relevant content, but â€Å"with caution† on the sample. The author of remake does not look like parodist; he is not looking for â€Å"weak spots† of classical artwork to expose their murderous ridicule. On the contrary, remaker finely and carefully refers to the words, of which was woven the old fabric of the novel. Remeyker reflects on every character, every plot turn, stares at the familiar line, Remaker may be repeated passages of the original plot, types of characters, but he or she depicts them in a new historical, social and political conditions. Remakes chosen as the new heroes, the new women, centerfold, mental retardation, AIDS, drug users, and hackers. All of these characters for the most part – people are good, spiritually rich, suffer reflection, ready to sacrifice, etc. Second, the remake allows the younger generation to encounter with deep knowledge that has been embedded by great creators in their artworks. Classical art is full of bottomless meaning, useful for our youth, but it is very difficult to reach them through stall of misunderstanding, because of the difference between modernity and the past. I take the example of classical literature remake to verify it. If the young book reader is looking for models for answers to the vexed questions – Who I am? How to survive in the world? – it is unlikely that the classic book will not be able to help him, because it is written in inaccessible and incomprehensible to him language. The reader is looking for the book, which speaks directly, without allegory. In this cause, the modern detective story-remake about official corruption and criminal fraud will touch the reader more alive than the â€Å"Dead Souls,† written about the same thing, but on the â€Å"outdated† language. Consequently, due to a remake, the classics artwork remains indestructible. The remake is a lifebuoy, which was thrown to drowning classical art. For example, a reader would pick up the new-â€Å"Idiot,† a colorful mix of photo models, expensive cars, luxury suites, black criminals would fascinate him. The reader had read to the end of the novel, and it was not about our time, it still would be Dostoevsky’s immortal creation. Due to remake, the reader was acquainted with the great writer Dostoevsky. If it was not interesting remake, adapted for modern times, I do not think that the idea of reading Dostoevsky’s books came to the modern reader’s head, because it seemed to him too boring. Another example to proof that remakes give new life to long-forgotten artwork. There was very popular film of Vera Storozheva â€Å"Heaven. Aircraft. Girl. † This picture is a remake of the Soviet film â€Å"Once again about love. † The younger generation is unlikely to have seen the original, but the storyline and drama, as reflected in the film, which starred Renata Litvinova, many have seen. Therefore, a remake – it is â€Å"second youth† of the old classics. Perhaps remakes creating of the same classical can be every ten years. For the reason that, â€Å"terminology† is aging faster than the artwork is goes around the world, and it proves that remakes preserve the art and sneaked it through the years, but the remakers had to modify the original. Finally, main goal of remakes is not only the preservation of cultural heritage, but also are to preserve historical heritage and to immortalize the names of great and talented people. The  remake, it’s a sign of ultimate fame of the original art, its highest prevalence in the general cultural refinement of the horizon of the nation – even as a folded â€Å"label†, the most general idea of the plot. I do not think that â€Å"Anna Karenina† – Tolstoy’s novel – was reading by millions, but millions know that the heroine of this novel, committed suicide under the wheels of a train because of unrequited love. According to the article â€Å"Remakes or expansion of the classics† written by Marina Zagidullina and published in journal â€Å"UFO† in 2004, â€Å"absentee† readers are always more than â€Å"face to face. † The fame of the text is not only measured data forms libraries and sales†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The above given arguments witness in favor of my opinion that classical art remakes preserve cultural heritage for future generations. In conclusion I want to emphasise that classic is like a queen, and a remake is her true servant – even involuntarily, but he exposes his back, so she stepped through him in the future. Remake is a dialogue with classical artworks; it makes today’s mass audience to feel involved in the great history of our past.

Stopping by the Woods On A Snowy Evening, Commentary

This poem was composed by Robert frost in 1922. It is narrative in style and consists of four stanzas, each stanza having four lines. Each verse is constructed in the iambic tetrameter, with eight syllables – one stressed and one unstressed syllable, alternately. As the title suggests, the poem features a journey through the woods. Frost is said to have composed this after a long night of work on another poem, ‘New Hampshire'. In the morning, when he stepped out of his cottage, it is said that he was so taken in by the scenic beauty of his surroundings that he was inspired to compose this poem there and then. Critics have marveled at the beauty of the poem, it required little thought and came to Frost in short bursts of revelation. He composed it in a matter of a few minutes. Though the language or diction used by Frost is simple, it suggests at an altogether deeper meaning. Frost's philosophy on life is reflected in this poem. The poem commences with an easy note and gives rise to wisdom later along. The persona and the author are clearly separated from each other into two different entities. The speaker is depicted at another time and place from that of the writer. The persona is a way-farer who journeys through the woods which offer him temptations which he wants to indulge in but ultimately resists. There is a mysterious quality about the woods, and the persona wants to observe and explore it further but is held back by social constraints. The line ‘I have promises to keep,' echo the obligations he has and he is forced to choose between nature and return to civilization. The title of the poem is apt and introduces the reader to the setting of the poem. Assonance can be seen in the title which gives it a soft tone, the ‘s' sound in words like ‘stopping', ‘woods' and ‘snowy' reiterates this. The poem starts off with the persona plainly stating a fact, it makes the reader wonder on the persona's acquaintance with the owner of the woods since he appears to know where he resides. The fact that the owner wasn't there to watch how beautiful his woods looked at that particular time seem to concern the persona, his tone is that of credible surprise. The ownership of the woods attributed to another person reveals his longing for a place of such beauty. The ‘w' sound is repeated in line 1, ‘Whose woods these are I think I know,' the ‘h' sound also creates a hushed effect. It is as if the persona is addressing the reader about the owner of the woods in hushed tones. This indicates the persona's appreciation and expression of feeling for natural beauty as seen in the lush woods. In this stanza, Frosts' tone becomes matter-of-fact, and it is ironic that the persona who is just a passerby while the same appreciation cannot be sensed on the owners part. The last line of this stanza, ‘to watch his woods fill up with snow' has visual imagery. It conveys a sense of distance from civilization. The ‘snow' signifies purity, an innate quality of nature. The second stanza deals with the persona halting in mid-journey. This brings on a reaction from his horse. The horse symbolizes a trained and habituated mind, stopping abruptly through the woods had brought a shadow of doubt, the horses' sense of direction was at play. ‘Without a farmhouse near' conveys a picture of the persona's earlier doings, due to force of habit the persona had always sought shelter in an enclosed space like that of a ‘farmhouse'. But now it seemed that he had simply stopped in a patch of clearing just to enjoy watching the sight of the woods. Lines 7 to 8: ‘Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year', convey the particular time period when the persona records his halt in the woods. ‘Darkest evening of the year' refers to winter solstice which normally occurs around mid-December. The persona and his horse are so isolated that nothing stands between them and the ‘frozen lake'. The ‘frozen lake' indicates the bitter cold and hardship they had had braved just so that the persona could revel in the tranquility of the woods for some time. This stanza also echoes how the persona marvels at his own marvel of the silent, still uninhabited sanctuary of nature which had taken him in, the speaker emphasizes this oddity by how his horse found it ‘queer'. The poem's rhyme scheme is in order: AABABBCBA, and so on. The verses are almost uniform in length and open-punctuation has been used. Each verse starts with a capital letter indicating the beginning of a new line and there are no instances of enjambment. The third stanza starts off with the horses' objection, ‘to ask if there is some mistake'. The horse's reasoning ability and intelligence has been brought out, it is a best of habit and also of considerable intelligence. Through his narration of the horse Frost has also brought to light his appreciation of animals in particular. The penultimate line of the stanza emphasizes the stillness of the woods. Sensory imagery has been used in ‘easy wind' and ‘downy flake'. A hyperbole or an exaggeration on the nature of snow has been employed. It is worthy to note that snow doesn't make any sound. The last stanza expresses the persona's desire to explore the woods further. He's held back by unfinished business (‘promises') and knows that he can't afford leisure. ‘Lovely, dark and deep' calls attention to the fact that he can't afford to indulge in the awaiting pleasures of the woods. There is a sense of purpose in the persona's life, the persona gathers himself and sets off towards his destination. He knows that he can't allow himself the luxury of exploring the mysterious depths of the woods and stray away from his goals. The last two lines are direct repetitions of each other, ‘sleep' can connote two different meanings. The first mention of ‘sleep' can refer to rest and relaxation, while the latter can also refer to the ‘sleep' of death. This meaningfully signifies that he has many things left to do and that he can't afford to be held back by the penetrating beauty of the woods no matter how tempting they get. This firm denial brings him back to reality and he recollects everything. This poem alludes to another one of Frost's poems, ‘The Road Not Taken' where Frost places the persona in a similar situation where the persona is forced to make a choice between two paths. One of the paths is lush, green and very welcoming but he takes the one ‘less travelled by'. His mental struggles can be seen in both of these poems. This poem also bears a similar moral message as that of ‘The Lotos-Eaters' by Tennyson, in which the soldiers decide between their chance at bliss and their responsibilities and aims in life.

Dubliners: Escape And Paralysis Essay

James Joyce captures the social realities of early nineteenth century Ireland in the set of short stories that comprise Dubliners. Many of the stories have parallels as Joyce overlaps themes in his effort to define the conditions in Ireland. Joyce develops the themes of paralysis and the desire to escape via the protagonists’ experiences in Eveline and Little Cloud. Confronted with the opportunity to escape Dublin, Eveline is unable to board the ferry because she is paralyzed by memories of her past and home. Little Chandler is overwhelmed with a feeling of paralysis as he reflects upon Gallaher’s good fortunes after escaping Ireland. â€Å"Now she was going to go away like the others, to leave her home.† In Eveline, Joyce attends to the Irish lower class as he depicts a young girl’s attempt to escape Dublin. The narrator describes the circumstances of the story through Eveline’s thoughts. Eveline ponders the benefits of leaving her home and the life she has in Dublin. She feels that her duties at home and at work are a little overbearing. Eveline is unhappy with the way Miss Gavan behaves toward her at work, â€Å"especially whenever there were people listening.† In relation to the abuse she endures at work, Eveline believes, â€Å"in her new home, in a distant unknown country, it would not be like that.† The idea of escaping fills her with hope because she desires to be appreciated. Eveline insists that she will not be treated the same way her mother was treated when she was alive. According to Eveline, â€Å"she would be married – she, Eveline. People would treat her w ith respect then. She would not be treated as her mother had been.† Escaping Dublin and starting a new life for herself motivates Eveline to except Frank’s invitation to go to Buenos Ayres. The narrator makes it known that Eveline is very conscious of the contrast between the way things were when she was young and her life now. When her mother was still alive, Eveline insists that â€Å"her father was not so bad then.† It was a long time ago when these memories of her father took place. She remembers when children from different families played together in the field, when her family was still together, and when her mother was alive. But now Eveline and her siblings have all grown up and her mother has died.  She also reflects that Tizzie Dunn has died and many of her friends have moved away. All of Eveline’s thoughts represent the death and stagnant atmosphere of her home. Eveline is also aware of the changes that have occurred in the relationship she has with her father. Despite the fact that she is over nineteen years old, the narrator reveals, â€Å"she sometimes felt herself in danger of her father’s violence.† Lately he has been threatening her and suggesting what he would do to her â€Å"for her dead mother’s sake.† Eveline is scared because her favorite brother Ernest is dead and her other brother Harry is busy down in the country. The narrator expresses Eveline’s fear and anxiety, â€Å"and now she had nobody to protect her.† Eveline does not understand that her memories of the past are out of date. The people Eveline associates with the past have all died or moved away. She feels vulnerable and dreams to escape the place of childhood. Eveline perceives Frank as her only hope of escaping Dublin and making a new life for herself. Frank is symbolic of the excitement of the world outside of Ireland. He promises to take her away as his wife and live with her in Buenos Ayres in a home he has waiting for them. Eveline is intrigued by the idea of an exotic new land and she is ready â€Å"to explore another life with Frank.† When Eveline attended the Bohemian Girl with Frank, â€Å"she felt elated as she sat in an unaccustomed part of the theatre with him.† Eveline was also impressed with Frank’s interest in music and ability to sing. The narrator explains Eveline’s feelings towards Frank, â€Å"first of all it had been an excitement for her to have a fellow and then she had begun to like him.† Frank told her â€Å"tales of distant countries† and stories of his journeys around the world. Eveline is convinced that if she wants a life outside of Dublin it must be with Frank. One nigh t Eveline remembered the promise she made to her mother about taking care of the home for as long as she could. The narrator describes Eveline’s sudden realization about her future life in Dublin, â€Å"She stood up in a sudden impulse of terror. Escape! She must escape! Frank would save her†¦But she wanted to live†¦She had a right to happiness.† â€Å"Could she still draw back after all he had done for her?† Despite Eveline’s desire to escape Dublin, she is overcome by paralysis as she considers leaving her home and family. Eveline’s doubts are revealed as she questions, â€Å"She had consented to go away, to leave her home. Was that  wise?† Observing the objects that she has to care for in her home, Eveline is reserved when she considers leaving them. She is very attached to the things around her that represent the memories of her life at home. Eveline experiences feelings of sadness as she contemplates, â€Å"Perhaps she would never see again those familiar objects from which she had never dreamed of being divided.† Eveline is scared about the notion of adventuring out and trying to make a life on her own. She becomes unsure whether she can survive outside of Dublin and away from her family. As these emotions of uncertainty surround her, Eveline finds new security in her home despite her desire to escape. Eveline relates, â€Å"In her home anyway she had shelter and food; she had those whom she had known all her life about her.† Paralyzed by the concept of starting a new life with Frank, Eveline forgets about the reasons that she wanted to leave in the first place. In contrast to the dislike she had expressed towards her work, Eveline testifies, â€Å"It was hard work – a hard life – but now that she was about to leave it she did not find it a wholly undesirable life.† Confronted by her fear of leaving her family and being on her own, Eveline reconsiders the conditions of her home. The idea of leaving her father upsets Eveline, she confirms, â€Å"Her father was becoming old lately, she noticed; he would miss her.† Eveline expresses her affection for her father despite the threat of him mistreating her and her memories of the way he acted towards her mother. When she ponders the good qualities in her father Eveline compresses time to make his past actions seem more recent. Remembering the time she was sick and he had read her a story and made her toast, Eveline maintains, â€Å"sometimes he could be very nice.† She also has memories of going on a picnic when her mother was still alive and the way her father had made all the children laugh. The memory of her promise to her mother takes on new light, as she suddenly feels responsible for her father. Eveline confuses memories of her past with the realities of the conditions of her present life. The paralysis of leaving her family becomes too much for Eveline as she waits to board the ship with Frank. Eveline panics when she considers this major change in her life. When the departure bell rings Eveline feels â€Å"All the seas of the world tumbled about her heart. He was drawing her into them: he would drown her.† She is unable to board the boat and escape the place where she feels secure and at home. Little Cloud portrays the paralysis of the protagonist’s life as it is contrasted with the life of a friend who escaped Ireland. Chandler is overwhelmed with the idea of meeting his friend after years of being apart. As Chandler dreams of seeing Gallaher he remembers, â€Å"few fellows had talents like his and fewer still could remain unspoiled by such success.† Chandler is envious of the life Gallaher made for himself writing for a paper in London. But Chandler is not jealous of his friend, he comments, â€Å"Gallaher’s heart was in the right place and he had deserved to win.† It has been eight years since Gallaher had last been in Dublin and Chandler wonders how life in Europe must have changed â€Å"the friend whom he had known under shabby and necessitous guise.† On his way to the bar Chandler reflects on his life in the same city, â€Å"he watched the scene and thought of life; and (as always happened when he thought of life) he became sad.â⠂¬  Spoiling the excitement of his earlier thoughts, Chandler’s melancholy nature reflects â€Å"how useless it was to struggle against fortune.† But Chandler is very impressed by Gallaher’s invitation to meet at Corless’s, the bar where you can eat oysters, drink liqueurs, and where the waiters speak French and German. Though Gallaher used to drink freely and borrow money, Chandler insists, â€Å"now that he reviewed the past, Little Chandler could remember many signs of future greatness in his friend.† There was something about Gallaher that impressed Chandler in spite of himself. He admired his courage for leaving Dublin and also his ability to become â€Å"a brilliant figure for the London Press.† Chandler is encouraged by Gallaher’s success, the narrator explains, â€Å"for the first time in his life he felt himself superior to the people he passed.† The inspiration of meeting Gallaher moves chandler towards ideas of escaping Dublin and making a name for himself in London. Chandler believes that his missed opportunities are the fault of the stagnant environment of the city. He reveals, â€Å"There was no doubt about it: if you wanted to succeed you had to go away. You could do nothing in Dublin.† The books in Chandler’s house represent his hopes of beco ming a writer and expressing his ideas. He wonders if he could write something original and if Gallaher would help him get it into the London paper. Walking to the bar Chandler relates, â€Å"he was not sure what idea he wished to express but the thought that a poetic moment had touched him took life within him like an infant hope.† Escaping his life and writing has been a dream of Chandler’s for a long time. The narrator  describes Chandler’s emotions, â€Å"every step brought him nearer to London, farther from his own sober inartistic life.† Chandler looks inside himself and questions his ability to make it as a writer. He’s not too old to express himself and he believes â€Å"his temperament might be said to be just at the point of maturity.† The reader can see the irony in Chandler’s sense of himself and Dublin. The â€Å"different moods and impressions that he wished to express in verse† are products of the city’s conditions and his experience there. Chandler debates the qualities of his soul, he tells, â€Å"melancholy was the dominant note of his temperament, he thought, but it was a melancholy tempered by recurrences of faith and resignation and simple joy.† Chandler believes that if he wrote a book of poems certain men would listen and that â€Å"he might appeal to a little circle of kindred minds.† He speculates that English critics might recognize him for the Celtic tone of his poems. He even invents responses that might appear in the notices he book could recieve. He suggests, â€Å"Mr. Chandler has the gift of easy and graceful verse†¦.A wistful sadness pervades these poems†¦ The Celtic note.† Chandler can’t take his focus off of the idea of becoming a success in London. He even considers changing his name to make it more Irish-looking. Incorporating his mother’s maiden name into his own, Chandler is more pleased with â€Å"Thomas Malone Chandler† or â€Å"T. Malone Chandler.† Chandler feels that escaping Dublin is the only way he can satisfy his dreams of success. The narrator reveals the change in Gallaher soon after Chandler enters the bar. Unaware of the obvious national contrast in his friend’s appearance, Chandler describes Gallaher, â€Å"His eyes, which were of bluish slate-colour, relieved his unhealthy pallor and shone out plainly above the vivid orange tie he wore.† Gallaher’s blue eyes are representative of Ireland and the orange of his tie depicts a European influence. Chandler and Gallaher discuss the spoiled lives of their old friends. It becomes evident that Gallaher is the only person Chandler knows who has enjoyed success. Gallaher observes that Chandler has not changed in anyway since the last time he saw him. Suggesting that Chandler should â€Å"want to knock about a bit in the world,† Gallaher discovers that Chandler has never left the island. Chandler asks Gallaher to describe the beauty of Paris and the other exotic places he  has visited. Gallaher has a different impression of Paris, he exp lains, â€Å"It’s not so beautiful, you know. Of course, it is beautiful†¦.But it’s the life of Paris; that’s the thing. Ah, there’s no city like Paris for gaiety, movement, excitement.† Chandler is astonished by the corruption and immoral behavior that Gallaher exposes him to. But Chandler is still impressed with Gallaher’s foresight to escape Dublin. He acknowledges, â€Å"The old personal charm was still there under this new gaudy manner. And, after all, Gallaher had lived, he had seen the world.† The difference between the two friends is developed further as Gallaher describes the life of Paris. In contrast to Chandler’s melancholy nature, Gallaher shows, â€Å"Everything in Paris is gay†¦They believe in enjoying life†¦If you want to enjoy yourself properly you must go to Paris.† Chandler feels that Gallaher must think Dublin is boring in comparison to the worlds he has seen. Chandler is even more inspired about leaving Dublin after he learns what kind of life exists off the island. The drinks and strong cigar of his meeting with Gallaher upsets Chandler’s sensitive nature. Chandler is displeased with his friend accent and way of expressing himself. The feelings he experienced before talking with his friend disappeared as the narrator explains, â€Å"there was something vulgar in his friend which he had not observed before.† Chandler is disturbed by Gallaher’s adventurous and successful life. Chandler has a realization about the opportunities his friend has enjoyed as the narrator offers, â€Å"He felt acutely the contrast between his own life and his friend’s, and it seemed to hum unjust.† It becomes evident to Chandler that he could be more triumphant than Gallaher, who he claims, â€Å"was his inferior in birth and education.† Chandler is confronted with a feeling of paralysis, â€Å"He was sure that he could do something better than his friend had ever done, or could ever do, something higher that mere tawdry journalism if he only got the chance.† But it all seems to late for Chandler when he dwells on Gallaher’s response to his inquiry about marriage. Chandler is overwhelmed with regret as Gallaher explains; â€Å"I’m going to have my fling first and see a bit of life and the world before I put my head in the sack – If I ever do.† The meeting with Gallaher changed Chandler’s feelings of inspiration into feelings of paralysis. Returning home, Chandler feeling resentment towards all the things that are symbolic of his trapped existence in Dublin. After observing a picture of his wife, Chandler remembers a time in which Annie reprimanded him for trying to please her. The narrator describes his revelation, â€Å"He looked coldly into the eyes of the photograph and they answered coldly†¦But he found something mean in it.† Everything around him was irritated by his inability to escape the home and city that repressed him. He is again taunted by his meeting with Gallaher when he studies his wife’s eyes. Chandler insists, â€Å"they repelled him and defied him: there was no passion in them, no rapture. He thought of what Gallaher had said about rich Jewesses†¦Why had he married the eyes in the photograph?† Looking upon the â€Å"pretty furniture† of his house, â€Å"A dull resentment against his life awoke within him.† In a state of panic Chandler questions whether it is too late for him to experience the same life as his friend. But once again Chandler feels paralyzed and unable to escape Dublin as he looks upon his family as obstacles keeping him from the things he wants. â€Å"He was a prisoner for life.† The experiences of the protagonists in Eveline and Little Cloud portray the themes of paralysis and the desire to escape. Joyce develops the social conditions in Ireland through the lives of Eveline and Little Chandler. Both characters desire to escape the environments of their surroundings. In the two stories, however, circumstances prevent their escape as they are paralyzed by the lives they have in Dublin.

Leadership in Health Care Organizations Practicum Assignment

Leadership in Health Care Organizations Practicum - Assignment Example However, managing people is the top of the list of the responsibilities that I must fulfil. Throughout the past two weeks, I manage nurses and provide leadership in terms of supervising their work, providing them with guidance especially new nurses at the unit. I also provide support to the nurses especially when facing challenges both at work and at home when they need professional support. When nurses have problems, they come to me as the first person before going to my superiors. I work under the director of the medical telemetry unit. He is my preceptor at the unit. I also contribute to his life in the sense that I help him to manage the nurses at the unit fill out the required forms and attend meeting when he cannot attend. I help to make his work easy by helping to make appropriate decisions for the unit and help implement those decisions. A part of my responsibility is to provide managerial assistance either as a subordinate or as a full manager when he is not around. I should also provide personal support to the director when he faces challenges and needs someone h e can talk to or help him to overcome the challenges. By doing the above responsibilities I contribute to the life of the director. Currently, I have completed 18 hours out of 150 hours. During these hours, I have engaged in different activities. In my line of work, I interact with different people that include nurses, my director and patients. During the two weeks, I have interacted with different people but I have interacted with three people the most. The first person I have interacted with numerous times is my preceptor. He has been attending a one-month seminar at the hospital on improving services at the medical telemetry unit at the institution. As such, he spends most of the day at the seminar leaving me to manage the unit most of the time and requires that I report to him every day about the activities and events at the unit. I have had meetings with

Compare and Contrast two U.S. Presidents - Harry Truman and Ronald Essay

Compare and Contrast two U.S. Presidents - Harry Truman and Ronald Reagan - Essay Example Truman summed up this notion with the words: â€Å"I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure.† (Truman, 1947, quoted in Bostdorff: 2008, p. 4) The speech was carefully crafted by Truman’s advisers, and it proved to mark a definitive change in the direction of U.S. foreign policy, leading swiftly into a period of high tension that we know as the Cold War internationally. Within the United States the anti-Communist rhetoric led to the persecution of people known to have, or suspected of having, Communist sympathies. The events leading up to the Korean war show a President increasingly reliant on military force, or the threat of military force, in foreign policy. There had been qualifying statements in the original speech, spelling out that military options were not the only, nor even the main form of support that America could offer to states under threat from â€Å"outside pressure† : â€Å"I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes.† (Truman, 1947, quoted in Bostdorff: 2008, p. 120) Despite this qualification, Truman found himself drawn into military options and launching into an in which America perceived itself as playing a policeman role in world politics. It may be that one reason for this turn of events is that Truman, never very eloquent or subtle in his dealing with critics and opponents, could not envisage any other path than a clear and simple resistance. Critics acknowledge the great service that Truman gave in his term of office, and his... This essay discusses that each new President brings to the job a different mix of character traits, experience and skills which then help to determine the style of his administration and the type of leadership that the country experiences. Harry Truman, a Democrat, became President towards the end of the Second World War. He made one of the most fateful decisions in the history of mankind when he gave permission for the use of the atom bomb on Japanese cities, in an effort to bring the war to a speedy conclusion. Having served himself as a soldier in France in the First World War he had direct experience of the dreadful casualties of trench warfare with mechanized traditional weapons, and he was reluctantly persuaded that the atom bomb would be a means to an end, pushing the enemies to surrender. The tactic was effective, but the cost in human life shocked the world, and the shadow of nuclear weapons has influenced world history ever since. After the war Truman proved to be a diligen t supporter of the victims of the war. He helped put together the Marshall plan which sent aid to millions of starving people and contributed to the rebuilding of war-torn Europe. Ronald Reagan was a completely different type of character than Truman. He was a Republican, and through his experience in the world of films had an easy rapport with the great and the good of America. He was at first regarded as something of a liability, because of his advancing age, and his lack of substance, but he became one of the most popular Presidents at home and abroad.

Proposal for CROSS CULTURAL EFFECTIVENESS CULTURE GAP AND EXPATRIATE Research Paper

Proposal for CROSS CULTURAL EFFECTIVENESS CULTURE GAP AND EXPATRIATE TRAINING - Research Paper Example I picked this topic because it will help me outline the need for an international organization to have leaders who can adjust to different environments quickly and work with partners and employees of other culture. With globalization, it is not wise to assume that a manager who does well in a given a country will automatically succeed in another different country. International Corporations, therefore, need needs an explicit measure of ensuring efficient cross culture integration in its management. This integration can help understand leaders who work in the newly globalized market After outlining my proposal, I will review relevant sources of information to prepare an annotated bibliography. To compile annotated bibliography I will take into consideration various books such as Handbook of Intercultural Training by Dan Landis, Reading and Cases in International human management by Mendenhall, Mand Expatriate Journeying: A holistic perspective on the care and development of overseas personnel by Westwood,D. Once the annotated bibliography is developed and submitted, the paper will be completed by making educated recommendations on how to integrate the difference in culture and globalization. I will also make clear suggestions on what the future steps international organization must make to ensure cross-cultural effectiveness. The paper will also make a recommendation on further area of the subject that needs further

Discuss the effect of tourism on the United Kingdoms economy Essay

Discuss the effect of tourism on the United Kingdoms economy - Essay Example Support from the community is a very important element in tourism this it is an activity that entirely affects the community. Costs and benefits of tourism reach almost everyone in one way or another. Analysis of economic impact offers concrete estimates of the economic interdependencies and a better insight on the role and importance of tourism in a country’s economic development Tourism activities also entail economic costs, which involve government spending on infrastructure so as to improve services to tourists, direct costs incurred by tourism businesses, together with the cost of congestion and other related costs barred by individuals in the society. Even though the European and the UK economy have not been performing as compared to bother parts of the world since the end of global financial recession, the impact of tourism to the economy has relatively risen in the recent times. From the first instance, the question of the importance and effects of tourism to the economy seems as if it is straightforward to answer. Several researches have been carried out as GB Tourism survey, GB Day visit survey and the International Passenger survey to ascertain the impacts of tourism on a country’s economy. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), there has been a growth of economic importance of tourism to UK economy since 2012. Tourism industry comprises of 9% of the GDP and generates millions of job opportunities in the country. The industry performed better than other notable industries like retail, financial services and manufacturing. With such ability to create employment opportunities and resilience in demand, the significance of tourism as a tool for job creation and economic development is very clear since it contributed over 12% of all the jobs that were created in 2012. Reduction in punitive levels of taxes and an introduction of less restrictive visa regimes has also boosted the industry, therefore, contributing to

Service Learning Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Service Learning Report - Essay Example The Saudi Student Organization has been helping other Saudi Arabian students meet each other and help keep the culture alive on campus for the past ten years. We enjoy spending time together as students that represent the Saudi country and culture while spending our time getting an education at Murray in Kentucky and we also enjoy serving others. The sole purpose of our organization is to keep the culture alive on campus. While we are students learning in America, we must be true to our own cultures and upbringings. Not just in culture but in our faith. We mostly offer programs to help Saudi students connect with other Saudi students. The Saudi Student Organization also hosts National Day for Saudi Arabia. The organization that I am involved in invites all students and faculty to take part and learn more about our culture and religion. I have devoted more than 20 hours of my time into helping to guide new students and help them to fit in here at Murray because I remember how important it was to me when I came to campus to keep my culture close to my heart and while I was living in America, I did not want to forget who I was and where I came from. I feel like I owe to other students how others helped me. In regards to the Organization’s Forces for Good Diagnostic Tool, this was completed with high remarks. For Practice 1: Advocate and Serve, there were two questions. The first was, â€Å"My organization advocates for policy reform, in addition to providing direct services,† and Strongly Agree was chosen. For the second question, â€Å"My organization effectively combines service and advocacy, drawing on direct service programs to inform advocacy agendas and vice versa,† it was ranked as an Agree. For the second section, the topic was to Make Markets Work. The two questions were: â€Å"My organization changes the way local, national, or global businesses fundamentally

RESEARCH COURSE WORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

RESEARCH COURSE WORK - Essay Example Also, as far as population distributions are concerned, non-parametric tests make no assumptions about the shape of these distributions, nor do they assume that the two populations have equal amounts of variability (Miller, 2006). Correlation and Regression A correlation is a numerical value that describes and measures the characteristics of the relationship between two variables. Typically, correlation measures the direction of the relationship, whether positive (direct) or negative (inverse); the type of the relationship, whether, linear, exponential, quadratic, etc.; and, the extent of relationship, that is, correlation close to 1 or -1 indicates a strong relationship while correlation close to zero indicates the minimality of the relationship. If the relationship is linear, then regression gives the linear equation that best predicts the relationship between the independent and dependent variables (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2008). Measures of central tendency The mean, median and mode of a data set measure central tendency. The mean is typically the â€Å"average† value of the data set, taken by summing up all the data points and dividing the sum by the total sample size. The mean is used when the distribution is somehow evenly distributed, without the presence of extreme values. The mode is the most frequent value in the data set, and is most commonly used when the data is made up of categorical or nominal values. The median is the â€Å"middle value† or the score that divides the distribution in half so that 50% of the values lie below or at the median (Bluman, 2004). When a distribution is symmetrical, the right-hand side of the graph will be a mirror image of the left-hand side. In this case, there is only one mode and it is equal to the mean and the median. Skewed distributions, on the other hand, are lopsided towards one side. Positively skewed distributions peak at the left where the mode is, the median to the right of the mode and the mean to the right of the median. In negatively skewed distributions peaked to the right where the mode is, the median to the left of the mode, and the mean to the left of the median (Gravetter & Wallnau, 2008). The meaning of â€Å"Statistical Significance† Statistical significance is basically the level of risk that one is willing to take in rejecting a true null hypothesis. For example, when testing the equality of the means of two data sets at 1% or .01 level of significance, it means that on any test of the null hypothesis, there is a 1% chance of rejecting the null hypothesis and thus concluding that there is a difference in the means when there is no difference at all (Miller, 2006). Part B. The research topic The data set extracted from Brainmass.com was gathered to conduct research on the housing of a neighborhood that encompasses 5 townships. Using the data gathered from 100 housing properties, the researcher wants to find out the relationship of the characteristics of th e real estate property to its market value. Furthermore, the researcher wants to find out which among the variables have the greatest effect on the market price in order to come up with a mathematical model that will forecast the market value of a property given the values of the independent variables. The research variables The following variables were used in this data set: Price The variable â€Å"Price† refers to the current price or market value of the housing property, measured in thousands of US dollars. This variable is treated

How is conflict presented in Macbeth and Dulce et Decorum Est and make comparisons Essay Example for Free

How is conflict presented in Macbeth and Dulce et Decorum Est and make comparisons Essay Conflict is extremely influential every day all over the world. It can be from the smallest contrast of opinion to the wars in Afghanistan and Syria. Conflict is a key theme in William Shakespeares Macbeth. It is evident throughout the play from the initial dialogue which is an example of nature in disharmony thunder, lightning and rain to the end of the play where Macduff is jubilant about his execution of Macbeth Hail, king! For so thou art: behold, where stands the usurpers cursed head: the time is free The witches are the source on the majority of the conflict throughout Macbeth. They are unnatural creatures who are constantly associated with negative imagery upon the heath thunder, lighting and rain. They introduce the physical aspect of conflict in the play by saying When the hurly-burlys done, When the battles lost and won. When Macbeth and Banquo meet the witches in Act One, Scene Three, Banquo describes them as So witherd and so wild in their attire and that they look not like the inhabitants o the earth they deceive the stereotypical women as again Banquo says Upon her skinny lips: you should be women, And yet your beards forbid me to interpret, That you are so. As well has looking extraordinary these women speak of extraordinary prophesies for both Macbeth and Banquo. Macbeth is a character that is accustom to war and violence. We learn of this in Act One, Scene two when the bloody man describes Macbeth to King Duncan as Brave Macbeth and that Macbeth Disdained fortune, with brandishd steel which smoked with bloody execution, like valours minion carved out his passage till he faced the slave; which neer shook hands nor bade farewell to him, till he unseamd him from the nave to the chaps, and fixd his head upon our battlements. Macbeth is clearly a brave soldier who is willing to brutally murder another human being just to protect King and Country. He could be perceived as a savage murderer with no thought of anothers persons life. Although he is physically strong Macbeth is mentally weak. His soliloquys throughout the play give us an insight if his internal confliction. In Act One, Scene Three Macbeth has an in-depth verbalisation of these bizarre internal difficulties. If good, why do I yield to that suggestion, whose horrid image doth unfix my hair, and make my seated heart knock at my ribs, against the use of nature? Present fears, Are less than horrible imaginings. He is confused about the witches prophecies and believes that to become King he must commit regicide. This leads Macbeth to become no longer cognitive as he is infatuated with his thrive for power. Macbeth then redeems his character by saying If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, without my stir. In this particular soliloquy good has won over evil. Later on in Act One, Scene Seven, Evil wins over good although Macbeths decisions are influenced by Lady Macbeth. Up until this point we have seen Macbeth as a man of decisive action. However the moral problem of killing king Duncan has resulted in him hesitating the opening of this scene is key as it shows Macbeth wrestling with his conscience for the final time before he commits the act of regicide. His thoughts here are plagued with thoughts as to whether or not he should kill the King. Macbeths complex character changes dramatically throughout the scene. Macbeth says to Lady Macbeth if the assassination could trammel up the consequence, and catch with his surcease success; that but this blow might be the be-all and the end-all here. This is Macbeth saying that he could kill King Duncan without consequence he would do it. He then shows his internal confliction by saying we still have judgment herewhich, being taught, return to plague the inventor. Macbeth is making a case against killing the King as he fears going to hell. He also says that he should be loyal to the king and as his host protect him. Lady Macbeth knows that herself and thirst for power are Macbeths mental weaknesses therefore manipulates Macbeth into killing king Duncan by calling him a coward. Macbeth himself summarises his faults with his final line of act one in which he says false face must hide what the false heart doth know. In conclusion, conflict is a key theme in Macbeth and it falls under three types: internal, natural and physical, Macbeth is a physically strong character who is a savage killer on the battlefield. Macbeth is told by the witches that he will become thane of Cawdor and then king. This is a prime example of natural conflict as the witches have superhuman knowledge; these prophecies are the catalyst of Macbeths internal conflict as he is faced with the decision whether or not to commit the act of regicide. Committing this act leads to the demise of both himself and Lady Macbeth. Every prophecies is meet with more conflict both and physically. As well as killing King Duncan, Macbeth also orders the killing of Banquos family as well as Macduff and his family but Macduff escapes. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are plagued by guilt, Macbeth begins hallucinating but Lady Macbeth throws herself off a building. Macduff returns to Scotland and kills Macbeth in battle and Malcolm is given is rightful position as king as he was heir to the throne. The play closes with physical conflict and courage. The idea of conflict and war can be presented in different ways. Conflict is apparent in: Macbeth, Dulce et Decorum Est, The Soldier and The Hero. Wilfred Owens Dulce is a poem written about the struggles and difficulties of war and conflict. Dulce et Decorum Est Pro Patria Mori means It is sweet and right to die for your country. This is a contradiction of the poem which speaks of the affliction and distressing nature of war unlike the poem The Soldier by Rupert Brooke which glorifies war. The Soldier relishes in the spoils of war yet Brooke does not have first-hand experience of war like Owen does. The poem opens with the line Bent double, like old beggars under sacks. The men are struggling with the life they are living and it has there bodys decaying immensely. The exhaustion of war has drained the men both physically and mentally. Owen describes them as metaphorically Marching Asleep. The men are all blind as they do not want to face the inevitability. They are so drunk with fatigue they are deaf event to the hoots of gas shells dropping softly behind. Although in Dulce the men are mentally debilitated as a result of physical conflict, Macbeth is driven and powered by bodily hardship and it is infact Macbeths inner hostilities are what lead him into mental exhaustion. The poem is Macbeths inner thoughts verbalised. The poem Dulce is written in the rhyme scheme of AB. The use of the AB rhyme scheme slows the poem down to reflect the mens exhaustion and create a solemn atmosphere. The line Gas! Gas! Quick, boys! as well as a caesura quickens the poem. Another technique Owen uses is a number of narratives to reflect that all the men were suffering not just one or two. The Hero is written in an AA rhyme scheme therefore from this alone we can determine that is a more upbeat poem written from a more positive prospective. Owen goes on to tell the reader about one man who didnt fix his mask in time who was floundring like a man in fire or lime he then says that they flung him in a wagon this statement emphasises the fact that a man who was once a friend and Conrad is now a burden to them. Metaphorically this is similar to Macbeth as originally committing regicide was a good idea until it became the burden that lead to Macbeths mental breakdown. Later on in the poem Owen goes on to talk about the mental difficulties of seeing a man suffer such a gruesome fate. Owen says If in some smothering dreams you too could pace. Behind the wagon that we flung him in, and watch the white eyes writhing in his face, His hanging face, like a devils sick of sin; Here Owen is speaking of the mental strain that seeing a Conrad inflicts upon them. It is clear that although this trauma has Owen distraught he is also relieved that it is not him. After reading all of the literature it is apparent that although all the text is written at different periods from the 16th century to the war periods conflict is key throughout. The literature gives different perspectives on conflict due to both their writers and the time periods they were written in.

Effectiveness of Policies on Effects of Death in England

Effectiveness of Policies on Effects of Death in England How effective were government policies in mitigating the effects of dearth in England during the period 1500 – 1850? INTRODUCTION Look up ‘dearth’ in a modern dictionary and you will see it defined as ‘scarcity’, but in 16th and 17th century England ‘dearth’ could for many mean death. Although the spelling is near enough, a ‘dearth’ or scarcity (mainly applied to grain, which made up the staple diet of beer and bread) originated from the now quaint word ‘dear’ meaning expensive. And when food was too expensive the bulk of the population would starve; despite the philanthropy of the wealthy and the inadequate poor laws, which changed little for centuries after its first incarnation under Queen Elizabeth I. This was seen, particularly before the enlightenment, but surviving into in the 18th century, as the fault of the poor themselves who perhaps inadvertently had overloaded their sin quota and brought forth the ‘wrath of God’ who then visited upon the unfortunate sinners bad harvests and the consequential famines that followed. â€Å"For the removal of those heavenly judgements which our manifold sins and provocations have most justly deserved, and with which Almighty God is pleased to visit the iniquities of the land by a grievous scarcity and dearth of diverse articles of sustenance and necessaries of life†[1] Although this might sound like a Cromwellian outburst it was actually written in the mid-18th century, providing proof positive for the masses that any misfortune which might arise (death, famine, etc.) was not by any fault of the ruling elite, but by powers beyond even kings, despite their ‘divine rights’. But just in case the religious concept was not enough to quell any disturbances arising out of a starving population, laws had to be passed which, for example, forbade meetings of more than three men, and of not more than a dozen to be assembled at anytime or anywhere. As with everything, words have a history. They are moulded by historical events and people. But they do not usually expire completely, instead they change. ‘Dearth’ was a far more ominous and morbid word to the people of the 16th, 17th, and 18th century than it is to the modern ear. During the 17th century, starting in the late 16th, Governments were resistant to intervene in periods of dearth, though a form of protectionism was practised, to offset extremes of supply and demand, abundance and dearth, which was altered and revised when needs be. With a minimum and maximum price allowable for the exporting and importing of grain. A totally free market did not arrive until 1570. But as the price restrictions were instituted at a local and not governmental level the laws were not difficult to circumvent. Smuggling, for example, was practised, and easy to get away with, and it is true that smuggling was probably widely engaged upon. Add to this such things as bribery and corrupt local officials and it is easy to imagine a thriving black market sector within the price constraints. This state of affairs begs the question of why did centralised government distance itself from intervention in the corn trade, and leave it to localised administration to implement any government protectionist policies? Opinions vary amongst historians but just two possibilities posited cite the City of London’s preoccupation with largely its own affairs, with its own idiosyncratic system, and the fact that abundance and dearth were largely regional and varied at different times and in different parts of the country. When central government did intervene, due to a particularly bad dearth, it is questionable whether intervention was instigated with an altruistic motive through amelioration of some of the more dreadful sufferings of the populace, or with a view to quell any disorder that might arise. Another interesting government policy that was sometimes practiced was the demonisation of alcohol, hoping that the populace would more easily subsist on more bread and less beer. W hen deaths from epidemic diseases, which were ubiquitous in this era, are taken into consideration, mortality rates still show a definite rise in years of serious dearth. Modern era economic problems are usually controlled by such methods as manipulation of the cash flow and trade agreements between different nations or economic blocs. But there was a tradition, which tailed off during the course of the 18th century, of sustaining a viable price/market equilibrium by means of monitoring disturbance and discontent amongst the populace. This method, a fairly simple equation, disturbance = government intervention, form low-level intervention to more extreme protectionist legislation. Even in pre-industrial agrarian societies autarky was a constant goal for government but seldom reached simply because what commodity might be abundant in one country might be scarce in another. Also it must be borne in mind that often disturbances, some violent, were the only means at a disenfranchised populace’ disposal to express grievances. Often, particularly in depressed periods, disturbance and rioting were so endemic as to present these events or â€Å"rebell ions of the belly’’[2] as hardly worth commenting upon; by contemporary commentators and modern historians alike. A comment by Professor Barnes is fairly typical, â€Å"In general these disturbances were more or less alike, and hence nothing is gained by giving a detailed account of each one† [3] Dearth was, in these times, not only a fairly frequent occurrence but was part of the popular consciousness. It was ever present in the minds of government and governed alike. In the case of government, future dearths could cause a considerable threat to public order and social stability, thus causing some deal of worry. In these times of no effective policing agency, social stability was maintained by the prevailing ruling elite’s ideology, which involved a complex inter-relationship between government and governed, crown and nobility, landowners and workers; and the monitoring by government of dearth can, with historical evidence, be seen as a major factor in the maintenance of social stability in the post-feudal/nascent industrial-capitalist society. An additional problem for government was the fact that dearth was difficult to foresee and could arise within a short period of time. In a society going through fundamental structural changes, the rise of a merchant class, for example, dearth was a perennial problem, and a major one. The ruling elites had a real fear of unrest amongst the labouring poor, who themselves had very justifiable grievances. Indeed, it must have been patently obvious amongst many of the poor, despite lack of education, that it was their toil that kept the nobility in such splendour. This is not to say that much of the populace, perhaps the majority, accepted their lot in life. Many â€Å"never took noe lewd course for to rong any man. Nor yet rune about the country as others have done †¦ for corne †¦ took it by violen[ce]†.[4] What was the poors understanding of the courses of dearth? These were varied, obviously bad harvests and religious superstition played a part, but also the system of enclosure was thought to be a cause. In effect, enclosure acted as a means to raise the price of corn, and often accentuated the problem of dearth. Others believed that dearth was caused deliberately by speculators to whom dearth would have been financially advantageous. Thus, dearth was caused by, â€Å"many loaders that buy †¦ upp †¦ whoole loades and carry it away and so make corne at such an excessive rate; although there is corne enough†[5] This demonisation of middlemen was expediently taken up by government, who pronounced against â€Å"evill disposed persons unthankfull to God and without pitty towards poore men, [who] by their engrossing of grayne and other abuses will make want amidst plentifulness and continew still the affliction of the poore by their malice†[6] This was not merely propaganda. Some measures to control middlemen were indeed placed on statute. Why events such as the Peterloo massacre had not happened earlier was in no small measure due to the fact that before the influx of agricultural workers into the newly industrialised towns and cities, practically everyone was illiterate apart from the ruling elites, and the organisation of any demonstration was hampered by the fact that dialects varied so much, thus even nearby villagers had some difficulty comprehending each other. Also, as England changed from a subsistence economy to a money economy and agriculture became more commercialised, dearths decreased in frequency. In a subsistence economy, such as in the feudal period, there was little incentive for peasants to produce more than they could subsist on as this would be surplus that could not be capitalised on, as in a money economy. Subsequently dearth usually meant that although grain was scarce, there would be just enough to subsist on. Very bad harvests though, frequently led to mass starvation and deaths. Dearths and f amines were interpreted as nature’s way of balance. If the population grew too large, then this would result in too many mouths to feed, leading to famine and deaths which would bring the population down to manageable proportions. In Malthus’ book ‘An essay on the principle of population’ he argued just that.[7] Malthus the clergyman even argued against any poor relief, as this would upset what he saw as nature’s, checks and balances. Poor relief, instituted by government, was as a result of a great famine of the 1590s, (at this time in England’s history there were indeed too many mouths to feed, which went someway towards a vindication of Malthus’ theory). CONCLUSION Between 1500 and 1850 England was in a transitional period from a post-feudal, largely mercantile society into an industrial/capitalist society. As peasant workers migrated into the new industrial cities and towns society underwent a fundamental change. Workers began to congregate in much larger numbers than the agricultural society of scattered villages. After the enlightenment people were no longer so willing to accept dearths and famines as being an inevitable occurrence in a strictly hierarchical world with God at the apex, and began to question government excuses and reasons for dearths and famines. But government was spared increased disturbance and social unrest simply because dearths became less commonplace. The Peterloo massacre of 1819, which was a peaceful demonstration against the corn laws as they stood at that time, was due more to the ineptitude of local magistrates and somewhat drunken soldiers, than to the demonstration itself, which might easily have passed off peac efully. Therefore this event really lends itself to being somewhat out of context within the period discussed in this essay. Paradoxically, once the socio-economic conditions made it more favourable for peasants to look elsewhere to hire their labour in a money-economy, this could often make their plight worse. Landlords, at a time when peasants were virtually their property, at least had to ensure that their workers were sufficiently fed and nourished to work. When workers started working for money, there was no such check or balance, if the worker could not afford food he would starve. From this period, particularly the early period of the 15th and 16th centuries, a paucity of written records of dearth is an obvious impediment to historians. These were not written about in the main because many, if not most, contemporary writers simply did think that there was any real need for these events to be written down and recorded. And as written records did increase, the occurrence of dearth became less for the reasons discussed above. To people living at the time, dearths and famines were events which they probably thought would last in perpetuum, and as they varied in occurrence and in different regions at different times, a truly comprehensive systematic record is problematic for the modern historian. The corollary to this situation is that the effectiveness of government to mitigate the effects of dearth in this period is difficult to gauge. The fact that wars and epidemics were also prevalent during this period adds a further difficulty to an assessment when attemptin g to link dearth, and particularly famine, to morbidity rates as a determinant towards the assessment of government success in the mitigation of dearths and famines. It would be fair to say though, that government was successful merely because of the fact that society held together, unlike revolutionary France. But not so much as in the amelioration of the conditions under which the poor laboured, but successful in that no major riots are recorded. Therefore it could be argued that government was successful in mitigating, if to mitigate is taken in the meaning of as to lessen, social unrest and disorder and maintaining the status quo. Altruism towards its subjects was not high on the agenda of government and crown, and where it was practiced towards the poor it was the mainly the result of a perceived Christian duty towards relieving the lot of the poor, rather than any philanthropic motive, and an aid, through the poor law, in maintaining social order. To summarise; with the aid of religion, protection of subsistence living standards by the means of poor relief, price control and demonisation of ‘middlemen’, along with the fact that any disturbances or riots that did occur were regional, thus preventing a general nationwide uprising; successive governments through 1500 1850 could be deemed to have been effective towards the mitigation of the effects of dearth and famine. References Rose, R.B. ‘Eighteenth Century Price Riots and Public Policy in Early Modern England’. International Review of Social History, 6. Royal VanGorcum, The Netherlands, 1961. R.B. Outhwaite, Dearth, Public Policy and Social Disturbance in England 1550 – 1800, Macmillan, London, 1991. John Walter and Keith Wrightson, Dearth and the Social Order in Modern England, Rebellion, Proper Protest and the Social Order, ed. Slack, Cambridge University Press, 1984. Andrew Cunningham and Ole Peter Grell, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 1 Footnotes [1] Page 15, R.B. Outhwaite, Dearth, Public Policy and Social Disturbance in England, 1550 – 1800, Macmillan, London, 1991. [2] Page 278, Rose, R.B. ‘Eighteenth Century Price Riots and Public Policy in Early Modern England’. International Review of Social History, 6. Royal VanGorcum, The Netherlands, 1961. [3] Ibid. [4] Page 114, John Walter and Keith Wrightson, Dearth and the Social Order in Early Modern England, Rebellion, Proper Protest and the Social Order, ed. Slack, Cambridge University Press, 1984. [5] Page 116, Ibid. [6] Page 117, Ibid. [7] Andrew Cunningham and Ole Peter Grell, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000.